Scoliosis: Review of types of curves, etiological theories and conservative treatment

Shakil, Halima; Iqbal, Zaheen A.; Alghadir, Ahmad H.

doi:10.3233/bmr-130438

Cited by 60 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…It is the most common form of spine deformities, excluding physiologic/degenerative kyphoscoliotic changes, and affects 3% of the population with a female-to-male ratio of 1.4:1 [1,2]. Congenital scoliosis (CSC) and idiopathic scoliosis (ISC) are two of the most common types of scoliosis in the clinical practice of spine surgeons and are mainly observed in children, young adults, and even adults [3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Abnormal Urodynamic Study Results in Patients with Congenital and Idiopathic Scoliosis and Its Predictive Value for the Diagnosis of Tethered Cord Syndrome: A Single Institution Clinical Study

et al. 2021

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Study Design:A total of 110 patients with scoliosis were enrolled in this analytical cross-sectional study. Purpose: We aimed to compare the urodynamic study (UDS) results of patients with idiopathic scoliosis (ISC) and congenital scoliosis (CSC) and to evaluate the clinical significance of abnormal UDS findings in predicting underlying tethered cord syndrome (TCS). Overview of Literature: An abnormal UDS finding is commonly found in patients with CSC. However, there is no consensus regarding its prevalence in patients with ISC. Methods: Using the STROBE checklist for cross-sectional studies, 110 patients with scoliosis were selected based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among the patients, 76 presented with ISC and 34 with CSC. Demographic data and other details, such as the results of spine radiography, UDS, and magnetic resonance imaging of the spine in both supine and prone positions, were recorded and analyzed. Results: Approximately 50% of patients with CSC had normal UDS findings; 8.8%, mild impairment; and 41.2%, significant abnormalities. Moreover, 67.1% of patients with ISC had normal UDS findings; 9.2%, mild impairment; and 23.7%, significant abnormalities (p=0.166). TCS was identified in 38.2% and 26.3% of patients with CSC and ISC, respectively (p=0.571). In patients with ISC, a significantly abnormal UDS finding indicated that the risk of TCS increased from 26.3% to 50% (odds ratio [OR], 4.2; p=0.009). Meanwhile, in patients with CSC, the risk was almost similar (OR, 0.8; p=0.8). Conclusions:Even with the absence of subjective urinary symptoms, subclinical urologic impairments can be observed in a significant number of patients with ISC. An abnormal UDS finding can be a sign of underlying spinal cord tethering in a patient with ISC who is a candidate for corrective spine surgery even though it is an independent variant and is not exclusive to candidates for surgery. This finding has high clinical utility for neuro-and ortho-spine surgeons who aim to correct scoliosis (OR, 4.2; p=0.009).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Abnormal Urodynamic Study Results in Patients with Congenital and Idiopathic Scoliosis and Its Predictive Value for the Diagnosis of Tethered Cord Syndrome: A Single Institution Clinical Study

et al. 2021

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“…Scoliosis is a spinal deformity in which there is prominent lateral curvature. It occurs in about 3% of people and can be located in the thoracic, lumbar, or combined thoracolumbar region of the spine 3 . The type of scoliosis is characterized by the age of onset and cause.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These types of scoliosis usually stabilize after skeletal growth. Girls are ten times more likely to develop idiopathic scoliosis than boys over the age of 10 and develop more severe spine curvature 3 . In contrast, degenerative “de novo” scoliosis manifests in adulthood and slowly progresses over time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of mastectomy for breast cancer on spinal curvature: Considerations when treating patients with scoliosis

et al. 2020

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Objective Mastectomy has been shown to influence body posture in women; however, there are limited data outlining changes in spine curvature after mastectomy in patients with scoliosis. We sought to quantify changes in spine curvature after mastectomy for breast cancer. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 62 patients with scoliosis who underwent mastectomy for breast cancer at a single institution between 1995 and 2018. Preoperative and postoperative radiographs were used to measure Cobb angles to assess lateral spinal curvature. Changes in Cobb angle were compared using paired two‐tailed t‐tests. The relationship between mass of breast removed and changes in Cobb angle was modeled using a linear regression. Results The median follow‐up after mastectomy was 7.9 years (range 0.9‐21.5). Median age was 62 years (range 30‐85). Of 62 patients, 10 (16%) expressed that their back pain became worse after mastectomy. Nineteen patients had evaluable radiographs before and after mastectomy. In these patients, the average change in Cobb angle was 4.7° (range −0.2‐12.2). Cobb angle significantly increased after mastectomy (P < .0001). Although not statistically significant, average Cobb angle was greater for patients who underwent unilateral compared to bilateral mastectomy (P = .09). Mass of breast removed significantly correlated with the difference in Cobb angle for patients who underwent unilateral mastectomy (P = .0006), but not for bilateral mastectomy (P = .55). Conclusions In this understudied patient population, mastectomy significantly increased the change in spine curvature. Further care should be taken to assess patient‐reported pain and quality of life in patients with spine morbidity who undergo mastectomy for breast cancer.

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“…Scoliosis, one of the complex three-dimensional deformities of the spine, refers to a lateral curvature of the spine in the coronal plane of more than 10°. It has a high prevalence of about 1/1000 and is usually complicated with the spine rotation and change of numbers of the sagittal dorsal or anterior processes, as well as uneven rib levels, the pelvic rotation and tilt, and paraspinal ligament and muscle abnormalities [ 1 , 2 ]. Scoliosis is often used generically to refer to all spinal deformities in children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pressure distributions inside intervertebral discs under unilateral pedicle screw fixation in a porcine spine model

et al. 2018

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BackgroundLittle data are available regarding the effects of pedicle screws on the intervertebral disc stress for different spinal segments. The aim of this study was to analyze the intervertebral disc stress in response to the placement of pedicle screws.MethodsT3–4, T11–12, T15–L1, L3–4, and L4–5 intervertebral disc segments from six porcine spine specimens were harvested. A compressive load of 200 N was applied both before and after the pedicle screw was implanted on the left side of each target segment; the resulting pressure was measured during vertical, 5° anterior flexion, 5° posterior extension, and 5° lateral bending.ResultsThe posterior intradiscal pressures of the intervertebral disc were significantly lower in the fixed group than in the unfixed group for all segments during vertical, 5° anterior flexion, and 5° posterior extension. The left pressures of the intervertebral disc were significantly lower in the fixation group for all segments. During 5° lateral bending, the left intervertebral disc pressures were significantly lower in the fixation group. Lower mean pressures were observed in the fixed group.ConclusionsUnilateral pedicle screws can effectively reduce the pressure of the fixed lateral intervertebral disc. Moreover, it can change the pressure distribution of the intervertebral disc and reduce the pressure of the entire intervertebral disc, especially the posterior side of the intervertebral disc.

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Scoliosis: Review of types of curves, etiological theories and conservative treatment

Abstract: To choose the appropriate treatment approach for scoliosis we need to understand its etiology and pathogenesis first. Early intervention with conservative treatment like physiotherapy and bracing can prevent surgery.

Cited by 60 publications

References 30 publications

Prevalence of Abnormal Urodynamic Study Results in Patients with Congenital and Idiopathic Scoliosis and Its Predictive Value for the Diagnosis of Tethered Cord Syndrome: A Single Institution Clinical Study

Prevalence of Abnormal Urodynamic Study Results in Patients with Congenital and Idiopathic Scoliosis and Its Predictive Value for the Diagnosis of Tethered Cord Syndrome: A Single Institution Clinical Study

Impact of mastectomy for breast cancer on spinal curvature: Considerations when treating patients with scoliosis

Pressure distributions inside intervertebral discs under unilateral pedicle screw fixation in a porcine spine model

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