Scolicidal agents for protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst: Review of literature

Abstract

Hydatid cyst is the larval stage of dog tape worm Echinococcus granulosus. Protoscolices are parasite larvae that develop into adult worms in the final host intestine. During surgical treatment of human hydatidsosis spillage of live protoscolices is the major cause of hydatidosis recurrence. To prevent this problem scolicidal agent such as hypertonic salt are used to kill the protoscolices that may disseminate into the patient's tissues during surgery. However, they may have some unacceptable side effects. To find scolicidal agents with high efficacy, the effect of different compounds on protoscolices of hydatid cyst in vitro has been reviewed. Using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and SID databases articles about scolicidal effects of different agents on protoscolices of hydatid cyst in vitro were collected. Foeniculum vulgare after 5 min, metalonic extracts of Allium sativum and hypertonic saline after 10 min, and warm water after 2 min kill all alive protoscolices. The above agents that in minimum time and minimum concentration have 100% scolicidal activity, could be good candidates for further investigations.

Chemical Composition, Apoptotic Activity, and Antiparasitic Effects of Ferula macrecolea Essential Oil against Echinococcus granulosus Protoscoleces

“…Over the past centuries, humans have used herbs and their derivatives to treat common infectious diseases, and therefore, some of these herbal medicines are now considered as part of the usual treatment of many infectious diseases [ 19 , 20 ]. Now, various protoscolicidal chemical agents have been recommended for the inactivation of the hydatid cyst protoscoleces during surgery [ 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Due to the growing resistance and adverse side effects of these chemical agents such as negative effects on liver function, biliary fibrosis, cirrhosis, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, etc., the need for a high-performance alternative agent with fewer side effects is strongly felt [ 9 , 24 ].…”

“…The infected livers of sheep were collected from the slaughterhouse and transferred to the parasitological laboratory. The protoscoleces were collected based on methods described elsewhere [ 21 ]. The number of protoscoleces was adjusted to 5 × 10 3 protoscoleces in a 0.9% NaCl solution with a minimum 90% viability rate.…”

Surgical Management of Cardiac Hydatid Cyst and the Residual Intramural Ectocyst

“…What is necessary for us while planning the surgery was to avoid unnecessary extensive cutting in viable myocardium and avoid vital structures like a valve, coronaries, and conductive system. And we think that selecting the epicardial surface of the heart will ensure no spill of the hydatid fluid inside the cardiac cavity to avoid secondary HC and drainage of the cyst to the pericardial cavity [12]. The cyst had already created a bulge on the diaphragmatic surface of the heart leading to some thickening of the myocardium in the area as part of its ectocyst.…”

“…Cystic echinococcosis is one of the few parasitic infections in which the basis for laboratory diagnosis is primarily serologic, where indirect hemagglutination test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are the most widely used methods for detection of anti-Echinococcus antibodies (immunoglobulin G [IgG]) [11]. HC is composed of host tissue forming ectocyst then laminated layer, germinal layer, brood capsules containing protoscolices which can develop to secondary HC in the intermediate host viscera in case of rupture of the cyst [12].…”

Variations in the viability and macromolecules concentration of E. granulosus protoscolices isolated from ruminants consequence treatment with Nigella sativa seed's oil (In vitro study)

“…As for hydatidosis infection, discovery of a novel scolicidal agent that has high efficacy against the parasites with low side effects is still the most important concern to eradicate the infection as reported by the World Health Organization (12). Specification of reliable scolicidal agents include the potency at lesser concentration in shortest time, the ability to permanents in the cyst fluid, minor toxicity, more complain to use and less side effects (13).…”