Sclerostin as a biomarker of physical exercise in osteoporosis: A narrative review

Abstract

Osteoporosis, a disease of low bone mass, is characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) through abnormalities in the microarchitecture of bone tissue. It affects both the social and economic areas, therefore it has been considered a lifestyle disease for many years. Bone tissue is a dynamic structure exhibiting sensitivity to various stimuli, including mechanical ones, which are a regulator of tissue sclerostin levels. Sclerostin is a protein involved in bone remodeling, showing an anti-anabolic effect on bone density. Moderate to vigorous physical activity inhibits secretion of this protein and promotes increased bone mineral density. Appropriate exercise has been shown to have an osteogenic effect. The effectiveness of osteogenic training depends on the type, intensity, regularity and frequency of exercise and the number of body parts involved. The greatest osteogenic activity is demonstrated by exercises affecting bone with high ground reaction forces (GRF) and high forces exerted by contracting muscles (JFR). The purpose of this study was to review the literature for the effects of various forms of exercise on sclerostin secretion.

Ubiquitin‐specific peptidases: Players in bone metabolism

“…Osteocytes are the main cells in mature bone tissue, accounting for about 95% of the total bone cells 142 . Osteocytes can secrete paracrine factors, such as OPG, RANKL and sclerostin (Sost), which can participate in the regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation and activity and play a key role in bone remodelling 143,144 . Sost binds to LPR5/6 on osteoblast cell membranes to interfere with WNT binding to WNT receptor Frizzled, which acts as an antagonist of WNT/β‐catenin signalling to inhibit osteogenesis and bone formation 145 .…”

“… 142 Osteocytes can secrete paracrine factors, such as OPG, RANKL and sclerostin (Sost), which can participate in the regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation and activity and play a key role in bone remodelling. 143 , 144 Sost binds to LPR5/6 on osteoblast cell membranes to interfere with WNT binding to WNT receptor Frizzled, which acts as an antagonist of WNT/β‐catenin signalling to inhibit osteogenesis and bone formation. 145 Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) inhibits the expression of Sost by modifying the acetylation of H3K9 at the Sost promoter.…”

Identification of biomarkers associated with oxidative stress-related genes in postmenopausal osteoporosis

“…Osteoporosis (OP), induced as the imbalance of bone remodeling, is a kind of chronic bone disease with the typical clinical manifestation of pain, limited limb movement, muscle weakness and bone fracture (1). In 2019, an estimated 25.5 million women and 6.5 million men lived with osteoporosis in the EU, Switzerland and the UK, and the population of males and females over 50 is expected to increase by 11.4% between 2019 and 2034, and the number of osteoporotic fractures per year in these countries will increase by 25% (2). The National Osteoporosis Foundation estimates that 10.2 million Americans have osteoporosis and another 43.4 million will have low bone mass by 2021, and the population with OP or low bone mass will probably reach 71 million by 2030 (3,4).…”

Sclerostin decreases in regular swimmers after ice swimming and is associated with meteorin-like protein serum levels

“…Sclerostin, a prominent osteokine secreted mainly by osteocytes, is one of the most significant discoveries in bone metabolism in recent years ( Delgado-Calle and Bellido, 2022 ). Sclerostin is edited by the SOST gene and is a well-established antagonist of the classical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway—the signaling axis that is essential for bone, adipose, and energy metabolism ( Oniszczuk et al, 2022 ). Metrnl, a newly discovered adipomyokine similar to irisin, was initially discovered through a spliced isoform of PGC-1a (PGC1-a4) transgenic mice ( Rao et al, 2014 ).…”