Sclareolide enhances gemcitabine-induced cell death through mediating the NICD and Gli1 pathways in gemcitabine-resistant human pancreatic cancer

Abstract

Pancreatic cancer is a type of cancer, which rapidly develops resistance to chemotherapy. Gemcitabine is the treatment used clinically, however, gemcitabine resistance leads to limited efficacy and patient survival rates of only a few months following diagnosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer and to select targeted agents combined with gemcitabine to promote the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Panc-1 and ASPC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells (HPCCs) were used to establish the experimental model, and HPCCs were exposed to gemcitabine of serially increased concentrations to generate gemcitabine-resistant cells (GR-HPCCs). The anticancer effect of gemcitabine combined with sclareolide was then assessed. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) and ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 (RRM1) were detected in the HPCCs and GR-HPCCs, and the mechanisms were investigated. Sclareolide resensitized the GR-HPCCs to gemcitabine. The expression levels of hENT1 and RRM1 were lower and higher, respectively, in GR-HPCCs, compared with HPCCs. Sclareolide upregulated hENT1, downregulated RRM1 and inhibited gemcitabine-induced EMT through the TWIST1/Slug pathway in the GR-HPCCs. In addition, sclareolide mediated the NOTCH 1 intracellular cytoplasmic domain (NICD)/glioma-associated oncogene 1 (Gli1) pathway, which triggered TWIST1/Slug-hENT1/RRM1 signaling and resensitized GR-HPCCs to gemcitabine. Finally, sclareolide resensitized GR-HPCCs to gemcitabine through inducing apoptosis; in vivo, the co-administraion of sclareolide and gemcitabine effectively suppressed tumor growth. Sclareolide may be a novel agent in combination with gemcitabine for the treatment of gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer, which resensitizes GR-HPCCs to gemcitabine through mediating NICD and Gli1.

“Open Sesame?”: Biomarker Status of the Human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter-1 and Molecular Mechanisms Influencing its Expression and Activity in the Uptake and Cytotoxicity of Gemcitabine in Pancreatic Cancer

“…Additionally, these studies highlighted that the EMT was triggered by TWIST and ZEB-1 transcription factors. By inhibiting TWIST and ZEB-1 the cells had an increased hENT-1 expression and reversed EMT phenotype, increasing gemcitabine efficacy [96,97]. These interesting results suggest that reversing cellular mechanical changes, i.e., EMT, could at least in part contrast the phenomenon of gemcitabine resistance relying on hENT-1.…”

Targeted therapies in pancreatic cancer: Promises and failures

“…4,6 Also, there are studies that indicate natural products such as sclareolide and Piperlongumine which can enhance the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine. 8,9 These observations provide a proof of concept for finding a better treatment option and a diagnostic approach in management and treatment of PDAC patients. The only biological agent authorized to the treatment of pancreatic cancer is erlotinib together with gemcitabine; however, it brings about a moderate advantage of survival in unselected patients.…”

Sesquiterpene Lactones as Promising Candidates for Cancer Therapy: Focus on Pancreatic Cancer

“…It was observed that the association induced cell death through apoptosis, the upregulated expression of hENT1, downregulated expression of RRM1 and inhibition of the EMT through the TWIST1/Slug pathway, which was mediated by NICD/Gli1. The authors proposed the combination as a potential strategy for the treatment of patients with gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer [ 122 ].…”