Scintillation Process in CsI(Tl). I. Comparison with Activator Saturation Model

Gwin, R.; Murray, Roger K.

doi:10.1103/physrev.131.501

Cited by 92 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…5). This is a well-known effect for crystals [8,9]. The scintillation efficiency decreases at higher differential energy losses dE/dx; therefore, at higher ionization densities (a-particles) the relative light output will be smaller.…”

Section: The Off-line Analysismentioning

confidence: 96%

Light-particle detection with a CsI(Tl) scintillator coupled to a double photodiode readout system

Meijer

Brink

Bakkum

et al. 1987

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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The properties of a detector consisting of a CsI(TI) scintillator coupled to a double photodiode readout system were investigated for protons and a-particles over a wide energy range. A nearly linear response combined with a relatively good energy resolution was found, resulting in a compact and cheap detector for use in nuclear reaction studies at intermediate energies. IntroductionIn heavy-ion reactions at intermediate energies, light particles with high energies (protons and a-particles with energies up to a few hundred MeV) are observed with large cross sections and high multiplicities. Various reaction models have been proposed to describe the production process (see e.g. refs. [1,2]) however, the presently available experimental data are not sensitive to the differences in these models.Large (4~r) multidetector systems [3] are needed to fully understand the underlying reaction processes. A multidetector system that is limited in size, yet able to stop and identify light particles, easy to operate (especially with respect to the energy calibration procedure), and if possible cheap, would have many advantages. The detector, as discussed in this article, was built with the knowledge gathered during the development of such a multidetector system.Highly energetic light charged particles are difficult to detect with conventional silicon detector telescopes. Individual detectors are too thin to stop them, and detector stacks are expensive and quite sensitive to radiation damage. This article describes the construction and performance of a light-particle detector based on a CsI(T1) scintillator with a double photodiode readout system.The design of the CsI light-particle detector is presented in section 2, details of the experimental setup and the off-line analysis are given in sections 3 and 4, respectively. Results on the energy resolution are described in section 5, and concluding remarks can be found in section 6. * On leave from the Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Poland.0168-9002/87/$03.50

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Section: The Off-line Analysismentioning

confidence: 96%

Light-particle detection with a CsI(Tl) scintillator coupled to a double photodiode readout system

Meijer

Brink

Bakkum

et al. 1987

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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“…This saturation can have the effect of contributing as one factor to the "roll-off"of local light yield at high excitation density (low electron energy). Gwin and Murray concluded that the activator concentration was not a dominant effect in their experiments on CsI:Tl 38 . In other scintillators than CsI:Tl, there have been observed experimental activator concentration effects on proportionality, such as LSO:Ce 2 and YAP:Ce 39 .…”

Section: The Model and Its Numerical Solution In Electron Tracksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupled rate and transport equations modeling proportionality of light yield in high-energy electron tracks: CsI at 295 K and 100 K; CsI:Tl at 295 K

Bizarri

et al. 2015

Phys. Rev. B

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A high-energy electron in condensed matter deposits energy by creation of electron-hole pairs whose density generally increases as the electron slows, reaching the order of 10 20 eh/cm 3 near the end of its track. The subsequent interactions of the electrons and holes include nonlinear rate terms and transport as first hot and then thermalized carriers in the nanometer-scale radial dimension of the track. Charge separation and strong radial electric fields occur in a material such as CsI with contrasting diffusion rates of self-trapped holes and hot electrons. Eventual radiative recombination has a nonlinear relation to the primary electron energy because of these interactions. This socalled intrinsic nonproportionality of electron response limits achievable energy resolution of a given scintillation radiation detector material. We use a system of coupled transport and rate equations to describe a pure host (3 equations) and one dopant (4 more equations per dopant). Applying it first to the experimentally well-characterized system of CsI and CsI:Tl in this work, we use results of picosecond absorption spectroscopy, interband z-scan measurements of nonlinear rate constants, and other experiments and calculations to determine most of the more than 20 rate and transport coefficients required for modeling. The model is solved in a track environment approximated as cylindrical and is compared to the proportionality curve and total light yield of undoped CsI at temperatures of 295 K and 100 K, as well as thallium dopant in CsI:Tl at 295 K. With this degree of validation, the space-and time-distributions of carriers and excitons, both untrapped and trapped, are examined within the model to gain an understanding of the main competitions controlling the nonproportionality of response.

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“…The light output of another typical twocomponent halide scintillator-CsI (Tl)-was extensively studied experimentally and theoretically in the past 9 and currently in the light of its use with a photodiode light sensor. 10 The relative intensities and time constants of both fast and slow components were measured over a wide temperature range, and an explanation of the origin of the two components was given.…”

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confidence: 99%

Temperature behavior of NaI(Tl) scintillation detectors

Ianakiev

Alexandrov

Littlewood

et al. 2009

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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It is a familiar fact that the total measured light yield of NaI (Tl) detectors is a nonlinear function of temperature. Here we present new experimental data for the temperature behavior of doped NaI(Tl) scintillators that instead shows a linear dependence of light output over a wide temperature range-including that for outdoor applications. The shape of the light pulse shows in general two decay processes: a single dominant process above room temperature and two decay time constants below. We show that redistribution of the intensities is temperaturedependent; the second (slow) decay component is negligible at room temperatures, but, by -20°C, it contributes up to 40% of the total light and has a duration of several microseconds. We discuss the profound effect this new understanding of the light output has on the pulse height analysis instrumentation. We introduce a theoretical model to explain the experimental results. In addition, we describe a unique technique for correcting both amplitude and shape temperature changes inside the NaI(Tl) detector package.

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Scintillation Process in CsI(Tl). I. Comparison with Activator Saturation Model

Cited by 92 publications

References 14 publications

Light-particle detection with a CsI(Tl) scintillator coupled to a double photodiode readout system

Light-particle detection with a CsI(Tl) scintillator coupled to a double photodiode readout system

Coupled rate and transport equations modeling proportionality of light yield in high-energy electron tracks: CsI at 295 K and 100 K; CsI:Tl at 295 K

Temperature behavior of NaI(Tl) scintillation detectors

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