Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of iron compounds (E1) as feed additives for all species: ferrous sulphate heptahydrate based on a dossier submitted by Kronos International, Inc.

Högstrand, Christer

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3566

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 32 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The safety for consumers of foods derived from animals whose diets were supplemented with iron compounds, including chelate of amino acids, has been reviewed and assessed by the FEEDAP Panel (EFSA FEEDAP Panel, 2013, 2014a,b, 2015, 2016a. It was concluded that no concerns for consumer safety are expected when iron compounds are used up to the EU maximum authorised level in feed.…”

Section: Safety For the Consumermentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Safety and efficacy of CI‐FER™ (ferric citrate chelate) as a zootechnical feed additive for suckling and weaned piglets and minor porcine species

Additives¹,

Bampidis²,

Azimonti³

et al. 2019

EFS2

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of CI-FER TM (ferric citrate chelate) as zootechnical feed additive for suckling and weaned piglets and minor porcine species. The additive is safe for weaned piglets at the recommended level of 500 mg/kg complete feed. This conclusion can be extended to sucking piglets for the period in which solid feed is given and extrapolated to all minor porcine species. No concerns for consumer safety are expected from the use of the additive in piglets and minor porcine species. The FEEDAP Panel considers that the compound under assessment poses a risk to users by inhalation. The product should also be considered as an irritant to skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Due to the presence of nickel, CI-FER TM should also be considered as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. The supplementation of feed with the additive is not expected to pose an environmental risk. CI-FER TM used at the minimum recommended level of 500 mg/kg feed has the potential to improve zootechnical parameters of weaned piglets. This conclusion can be extended to sucking piglets for the period in which solid feed is given and extrapolated to all minor porcine species.

show abstract

Section: Safety For the Consumermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the absence of specific studies and considering that several iron compounds are recognised as irritants to skin, eyes and mucous membranes (EFSA FEEDAP Panel, 2013, 2014a,b, 2015, 2016a, the product should be considered as a skin, eye and respiratory irritant.…”

Section: Effects On the Eyes And Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and efficacy of CI‐FER™ (ferric citrate chelate) as a zootechnical feed additive for suckling and weaned piglets and minor porcine species

Additives¹,

Bampidis²,

Azimonti³

et al. 2019

EFS2

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The safety for consumers of foods derived from animals whose diets were supplemented with iron compounds, including chelate of amino acids, has been reviewed and assessed by the FEEDAP Panel (EFSA FEEDAP Panel, 2013a, 2014a,b, 2015, 2016a. The safety for consumers of foods derived from animals whose diets were supplemented with iron compounds, including chelate of amino acids, has been reviewed and assessed by the FEEDAP Panel (EFSA FEEDAP Panel, 2013a, 2014a,b, 2015, 2016a.…”

Section: Safety For the Consumermentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and efficacy of TYFER™ (ferric tyrosine chelate) as a zootechnical feed additive for chickens, turkeys and minor poultry species for fattening or reared for laying/breeding

Additives¹,

Bampidis²,

Azimonti³

et al. 2019

EFS2

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of the product TYFER TM (ferric tyrosine chelate) as zootechnical feed additive for chickens, turkeys and minor poultry species for fattening or reared for laying/breeding. The additive is safe for chickens for fattening at the maximum expected level of 200 mg TYFER TM /kg complete feed; this conclusion can be extended to chickens reared for laying/breeding and extrapolated to turkeys and all minor poultry species for fattening or reared for laying/breeding. No concerns for consumer safety are expected from the use of the additive in poultry nutrition. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) considers that the additive poses a risk to users by inhalation, and should also be considered as an irritant to skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Due to the presence of nickel, ferric tyrosine chelate should also be considered as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. The supplementation of feed with the additive is not expected to pose an environmental risk. TYFER TM used at the minimum recommended level (20 mg/kg feed) in chickens diets has the potential to improve zootechnical parameters of birds. The additive at 20 mg/kg feed has the potential to reduce the caecal load Campylobacter spp. by at least 1 log 10 -units in chickens for fattening, thus with a potential impact to reduce the risk of human campylobacteriosis; however, the Panel notes that the load of Campylobacter in the chickens caecum is one of the multiple factors that contribute to Campylobacter load in carcases-meat. The conclusions on the efficacy of the additive can be extended to chickens reared for laying/breeding and extrapolated to turkeys and all minor poultry species for fattening or reared for laying/breeding. The Panel recommends including a specification for maximum lithium content in a potential authorisation of the additive.

show abstract

“…The opinion is based on data provided by a company involved in the production/distribution of ferric oxide and publicly available literature. In particular, the Opinion on the re-evaluation of iron oxides and hydroxides (E 172) as food additives (EFSA ANS Panel, 2015) and the Opinions on ironbased feed additives (EFSA FEEDAP Panel, 2013, 2014a,b, 2015, 2016a) and on iron oxide black, red and yellow as colourings in feed (EFSA FEEDAP Panel, 2016b) were considered.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The FEEDAP Panel expresses in the current opinion its concern on the safety of ferric oxide as compound of trace element as long as such a genotoxicity study is not provided. (EFSA FEEDAP Panel, 2013, 2014a,b, 2015, 2016a) that they are safe when supplied up to a maximum iron content per kilogram complete feedingstuff of 450 mg for bovines and poultry, 500 mg for ovines, 600 mg for pets, and 750 mg for other species/categories, except horses and fish; for piglets up to 1 week before weaning a daily maximum dose of 250 mg Fe is considered safe. Because of insufficient data, the FEEDAP Panel was not in a position to derive a maximum safe iron concentration in feed for horses or fish.…”

Section: Toxicological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and efficacy of iron compounds (E1) as feed additives for all species: ferric oxide based on a dossier submitted by Poortershaven Industriële Mineralen B.V.

2016

EFS2

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The additive under assessment, ferric oxide, contains between 57% and 69% iron (Fe). The EFSA FEEDAP Panel could not conclude on the safety of ferric oxide for the target animals owing to that (i) the application of ferric oxide red is for all animal species, (ii) lifetime administration to animals is not excluded and (iii) a sufficient biological and toxicological database was not available. Regarding (i) the very low absorption of iron from the ferric oxide by target animals and (ii) the homoeostatic regulation of iron metabolism in animals, any influence of feeding the ferric oxide on the iron content of edible tissues and products is not expected. The use of ferric oxide in animal nutrition is unlikely to result in a direct exposure of the consumer to this oxide. Consequently, the supplementation of feed for food‐producing animals with ferric oxide would likely not constitute a risk to consumers. Ferric oxide is an irritant to skin and eyes by mechanical action. Owing to the nickel content in the additive, the ferric oxide should be regarded as dermal and respiratory sensitiser. Inhalation of ferric oxide, and the contained chromium and nickel, is a hazard; as exposure by inhalation is likely, handling ferric oxide would be a risk for the users. As there is concern about the possible genotoxicity of ferric oxide, any route of exposure should be considered as hazardous. Iron oxides are ubiquitous in the environment. Any additional input from the nutritional use of ferric oxide in food‐producing animals is considered negligible. It is unlikely that the use of the additive in animal nutrition would pose a risk to the environment. Ferric oxide should not be considered as iron source capable to meet iron requirements of animals.

show abstract

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of iron compounds (E1) as feed additives for all species: ferrous sulphate heptahydrate based on a dossier submitted by Kronos International, Inc.

Cited by 7 publications

References 32 publications

Safety and efficacy of CI‐FER™ (ferric citrate chelate) as a zootechnical feed additive for suckling and weaned piglets and minor porcine species

Safety and efficacy of CI‐FER™ (ferric citrate chelate) as a zootechnical feed additive for suckling and weaned piglets and minor porcine species

Safety and efficacy of TYFER™ (ferric tyrosine chelate) as a zootechnical feed additive for chickens, turkeys and minor poultry species for fattening or reared for laying/breeding

Safety and efficacy of iron compounds (E1) as feed additives for all species: ferric oxide based on a dossier submitted by Poortershaven Industriële Mineralen B.V.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About