Scientific Opinion on the risks to plant health posed by Bemisia tabaci species complex and viruses it transmits for the EU territory

Baker, Richard; Bragard, Claude; Candresse, Thierry; Gilioli, Gianni; Grégoire, Jean‐Claude; Holb, I. J.; Jeger, Michael; Karadjova, O.E.; Magnusson, Christer Sven; Makowski, David; Manceau, Charles; Navajas, María; Rafoss, Trond; Rossi, Vittorio; Schans, J.; Schrader, Gritta; Urek, Gregor; Lenteren, J.C. van; Vloutoglou, Irene; Werf, Wopke Van der; Winter, Stephan

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3162

Cited by 161 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 466 publications

(647 reference statements)

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“…These results differ from previous studies that suggest a northward spread for B . tabaci across France as a result of future climate change and an increase in its range throughout southern Europe but not northern Europe [1,15]. However, the Gilioli study ([15]) used a physiologically based population dynamics model to map the potential distribution of B .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Temperature responses vary, not only according to each B . tabaci biotype, but also depend on the host plant and even the variety, as summarised by [1]. For example, “the developmental time of B .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bemisia tabaci (tobacco whitefly) is an important agricultural pest with a worldwide distribution, but is currently non-native to the UK. It is able to transmit upwards of 121 viruses, many of which can cause significant damage to food crops [1]. As a result, non-European populations of the whitefly are included in Annex IAI of the EU Plant Health Directive 2000/29/EC, which prohibits their introduction and spread within EU member states, and requires that their host plants are subject to targeted monitoring by plant health inspectors at the border.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A novel approach for exploring climatic factors limiting current pest distributions: A case study of Bemisia tabaci in north-west Europe and assessment of potential future establishment in the United Kingdom under climate change

Bradshaw

Hemming

Baker³

et al. 2019

PLoS ONE

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Bemisia tabaci (the tobacco whitefly) is an important agricultural pest of global significance primarily because of its ability to transmit multiple damaging plant viruses. To date, UK outbreaks of the whitefly have been restricted to glasshouses and there are no records of the whitefly establishing outdoors during the summer. This is despite the fact that annual degree-day models (that estimate accumulated warmth over the year above the development threshold), indicate that B . tabaci has the thermal potential for multiple summer generations in the UK. A set of 49 climate indices calculated using the present day climate (1986–2015) were therefore compared between the UK and the south of France, where B . tabaci is able to establish outdoors, to identify the factors limiting its establishment. The number of cold days and nights in summer, as well as the time spent within the whitefly’s optimum temperature range, were most significantly different between the two areas. These indices may impact the development of B . tabaci and offer an explanation for the absence of the whitefly outdoors in the UK during the summer. Further analyses undertaken with climate projections suggest that in a 2–4°C warmer world this pest could pose a risk to outdoor UK crops in July and August. A clear south-north gradient can be demonstrated for these indices. Linking any possible northwards spread of B . tabaci populations outdoors in France with changes in these indices could therefore provide an important indicator of any change in the risks of outdoor populations of this species developing in the UK. The effectiveness of climate indices in pest risk analysis is compellingly demonstrated, and it is recommended that in-depth comparisons of climatic indices between areas of pest presence and absence are conducted in other situations where forecasting the risks of pest establishment are complex and challenging.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A novel approach for exploring climatic factors limiting current pest distributions: A case study of Bemisia tabaci in north-west Europe and assessment of potential future establishment in the United Kingdom under climate change

Bradshaw

Hemming

Baker³

et al. 2019

PLoS ONE

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“…The virus has been also found to infect cotton (Gossypium hirsutum -Malvaceae) (Zaidi et al, 2016). All cultivated hosts are confirmed hosts of B. tabaci (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013).…”

Section: Host Rangementioning

confidence: 92%

Pest categorisation of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus

Bragard¹,

Dehnen‐Schmutz²,

Serio³

et al. 2020

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation on tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV). ToLCNDV is a well‐defined bipartite Begomovirus species, sometimes associated with satellite molecules. It is transmitted by Bemisia tabaci to a wide range of hosts. ToLCNDV is reported from Estonia, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain, with limited distribution. The prevalent strain (ToLCNDV‐ES) in these countries is particularly adapted to cucurbits and is different from isolates reported outside the EU, which are better adapted to solanaceous crops and could therefore pose additional risk for EU agriculture. The virus is regulated under Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. The main pathway of entry identified is plants for planting of susceptible hosts, even if entry could also occur via commodities carrying viruliferous B. tabaci and possibly by seeds. While establishment and local spread rely on B. tabaci, the virus can also be dispersed over long distances by movement of infected plants for planting. Establishment and spread are limited to regions with ecoclimatic conditions suitable for the establishment of vector populations (southern regions of Europe) or can occur as outbreaks wherever crops are grown under protected cultivation. The main uncertainties associated with this pest categorisation are the distribution and prevalence of ToLCNDV in the EU, the magnitude of the virus impact particularly on hosts different from Cucurbitaceae, and seed transmission. ToLCNDV meets all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as potential Union Quarantine Pest (QP); conversely, ToLCNDV does not meet the criterion of being widespread in the EU to qualify as a Regulated Non‐Quarantine Pest (RNQP). Should new data show that ToLCNDV is widespread in the EU, the possibility would exist for non‐EU isolates to qualify as QP, while ToLCNDV EU isolates (ToLCNDV‐ES) could qualify as RNQP.

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“…An estimation of the arrival probabilities to be used in the computation of the first probability in Equation (8) is formulated by a panel of experts on B. tabaci and it is reported in Table IV. (26) These probabilities are used in combination with data on trade volume of commodities to estimate the probability of arrival of a virus with B. tabaci.…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Strategies for Interception, Detection, and Eradication in Plant Biosecurity

et al. 2014

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The introduction of invasive species causes damages from the economic and ecological point of view. Interception of plant pests and eradication of the established populations are two management options to prevent or limit the risk posed by an invasive species. Management options generate costs related to the interception at the point of entry, and the detection and eradication of established field populations. Risk managers have to decide how to allocate resources between interception, field detection, containment, and eradication minimizing the expected total costs. In this work is considered an optimization problem aiming at determining the optimal allocation of resources to minimize the expected total costs of the introduction of Bemisia tabaci-transmitted viruses in Europe. The optimization problem takes into account a probabilistic model for the estimation of the percentage of viruliferous insect populations arriving through the trade of commodities, and a population dynamics model describing the process of the vector populations' establishment and spread. The time of field detection of viruliferous insect populations is considered as a random variable. The solution of the optimization problem allows to determine the optimal allocation of the search effort between interception and detection/eradication. The behavior of the search effort as a function of efficacy or search in interception and in detection is then analyzed. The importance of the vector population growth rate and the probability of virus establishment are also considered in the analysis of the optimization problem.

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Scientific Opinion on the risks to plant health posed by Bemisia tabaci species complex and viruses it transmits for the EU territory

Cited by 161 publications

References 466 publications

A novel approach for exploring climatic factors limiting current pest distributions: A case study of Bemisia tabaci in north-west Europe and assessment of potential future establishment in the United Kingdom under climate change

A novel approach for exploring climatic factors limiting current pest distributions: A case study of Bemisia tabaci in north-west Europe and assessment of potential future establishment in the United Kingdom under climate change

Pest categorisation of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus

Optimal Strategies for Interception, Detection, and Eradication in Plant Biosecurity

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