Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of chromium in food and drinking water

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doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3595

Cited by 97 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 513 publications

(465 reference statements)

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“…per day and to Cr 6+ in drinking water between 0.7 and 159.1 ng kg -1 b.w. per day (43). The content of Cr in our study was below the detection limit in all samples analysed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…For Cr 3+ , a possible essential trace element for humans, a TDI of 300 μg kg -1 b.w. has been established, while no TDI has been established for toxic Cr 6+ , and no maximum levels for Cr in food at the EU level are currently established (42,43). EFSA estimated dietary exposure to Cr 3+ in the European population between 0.6 and 5.9 μg kg -1 b.w.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of heavy metals in common vegetables at Varaždin City Market, Croatia

Stančić

Vujević

Gomaz

et al. 2016

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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The present study was aimed at the estimation of heavy metal content in vegetables sold at the city market of one of the densely populated Croatian cities, Varaždin, and to establish the relationship between their levels and possible sources of contamination. Twenty-eight samples of the most common diet vegetables (red and white potato, onion, carrot, common bean, lettuce, and cabbage) were randomly bought at the market in September and October 2013. Using the atomic absorption spectrometry method, concentrations of nine heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were measured in the selected samples. The results showed that, in five out of 28 samples analysed, six concentrations exceeded the maximum levels provided for in the regulations: five for Pb and one for Cd. Maximum regulated levels for Pb were exceeded in two samples of red potato, two samples of common bean, and one sample of carrot (17.9 %), and for Cd in a sample of red potato (3.6 %). In conclusion, the cause of the overstepping of the maximum levels for Pb and Cd in the vegetables analysed was most likely the contaminated soil. The possible sources of soil contamination include traffic, nearby industry, floodwaters of rivers and streams, and the use of pesticides and fertilisers in agricultural production.

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“…per day and to Cr 6+ in drinking water between 0.7 and 159.1 ng kg -1 b.w. per day (43). The content of Cr in our study was below the detection limit in all samples analysed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of heavy metals in common vegetables at Varaždin City Market, Croatia

Stančić

Vujević

Gomaz

et al. 2016

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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“…The available toxicological studies on Cr(III) have been reviewed by the EFSA Panels FEEDAP (EFSA, 2009a) and CONTAM Panel (EFSA CONTAM Panel, 2014), concluding that toxicity of Cr(III) is much lower compared to the highly toxic and carcinogenic chromium(VI) and that chromium(III) is not carcinogenic upon dietary administration in rodent species.…”

Section: Toxicological Profile Of Chromiummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The EFSA CONTAM Panel estimated the chronic dietary exposure to chromium(III) using dietary surveys from 17 EU countries (EFSA CONTAM Panel, 2014). Overall mean human chronic dietary exposure ranged from a minimum lower bound (LB) of 0.6 to a maximum upper bound (UB) of 5.9 lg/kg bw per day.…”

Section: Consumer Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and efficacy of Availa®Cr (chromium chelate of DL‐methionine) as a feed additive for dairy cows

Additives¹,

Bampidis²,

Azimonti³

et al. 2020

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Availa®Cr (active compound: chromium chelate of DL‐methionine) as a feed additive for dairy cows. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) Panel was assigned to this mandate. The tolerance study did not show adverse effects with respect to body weight, milk yield, haematology and blood biochemistry up to the 10‐fold overdose of chromium from Availa®Cr; however, owing to deficiencies in design and reporting of the study, it provided only supportive evidence on the safety of the additive. A safe level for dairy cows could be derived from a toxicological study with laboratory rodents. Taking all together, the FEEDAP Panel considers the maximum recommended use level (8 mg Cr from Availa®Cr/cow per day; about 0.4 mg Cr/kg complete feed) as safe. Chromium DL‐Met shows a genotoxic activity in vitro that is not expressed in vivo after systemic exposure; although no data on genotoxicity at the site of contact are available, the Panel notes that chromium(III) is not carcinogenic and concludes that chromium DL‐Met is unlikely to pose a carcinogenic risk at levels occurring in the diet. The use of Availa®Cr in feed of dairy cows up to the recommended supplementation level would not measurably increase consumer exposure to chromium(III), and therefore is safe for consumers. The additive poses a risk to users by inhalation, it is not an irritant to skin and eyes and should be considered a sensitiser. The use of the additive is not expected to pose a risk to the environment. Since only one study could be considered for the efficacy assessment, and three studies are required, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the efficacy of Availa®Cr for dairy cows.

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“…In 2014, chronic dietary exposure to Cr(III) was estimated by the EFSA CONTAM Panel in their risk assessment of chromium in food and drinking water (EFSA CONTAM Panel, 2014). Mean chronic dietary exposure values, across the different dietary surveys and age classes, ranged from 0.6 lg/kg body weight (bw) per day (minimum lower bound) 7 to 5.9 lg/kg bw per day (maximum upper bound).…”

Section: Combined Intake Of Chromium From the Nf And Other Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety of chromium‐enriched biomass of Yarrowia lipolytica as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283

Nutrition¹,

Turck²,

Castenmiller³

et al. 2020

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on chromium‐enriched biomass of Yarrowia lipolytica as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is the dried and heat‐killed chromium‐enriched biomass of Y. lipolytica. This yeast species is widespread in nature, can be found in the environment and in foods, and was attributed the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) status for production purposes in 2018, including food and feed products based on biomass of the yeast. The production process, fermentation in the presence of chromium chloride, includes a heat‐killing step of the yeast, resulting in the absence of viable Y. lipolytica in the NF. The maximum total chromium content of the NF is 23 μg Cr/g, with the chromium present as Cr(III). The applicant proposed to use the NF as a food supplement. The target population proposed by the applicant is the general population from 3 years of age onwards, with maximum proposed use levels of 2 g/day for children from 3 to 9 years of age and 4 g/day thereafter. At the proposed use levels of the NF, the combined intake of chromium provided by the NF, in addition to a background diet high in chromium, would result in total chromium intakes well below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for chromium(III) for all target population groups. The Panel concludes that the NF, chromium‐enriched biomass of Y. lipolytica, is safe under the proposed conditions of use.

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Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of chromium in food and drinking water

Cited by 97 publications

References 513 publications

Detection of heavy metals in common vegetables at Varaždin City Market, Croatia

Detection of heavy metals in common vegetables at Varaždin City Market, Croatia

Safety and efficacy of Availa®Cr (chromium chelate of DL‐methionine) as a feed additive for dairy cows

Safety of chromium‐enriched biomass of Yarrowia lipolytica as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283

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