Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for chromium

Products, Efsa Panel on Dietetic

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3845

Cited by 177 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…For Cr 3+ , a possible essential trace element for humans, a TDI of 300 μg kg -1 b.w. has been established, while no TDI has been established for toxic Cr 6+ , and no maximum levels for Cr in food at the EU level are currently established (42,43). EFSA estimated dietary exposure to Cr 3+ in the European population between 0.6 and 5.9 μg kg -1 b.w.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of heavy metals in common vegetables at Varaždin City Market, Croatia

Stančić

Vujević

Gomaz

et al. 2016

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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The present study was aimed at the estimation of heavy metal content in vegetables sold at the city market of one of the densely populated Croatian cities, Varaždin, and to establish the relationship between their levels and possible sources of contamination. Twenty-eight samples of the most common diet vegetables (red and white potato, onion, carrot, common bean, lettuce, and cabbage) were randomly bought at the market in September and October 2013. Using the atomic absorption spectrometry method, concentrations of nine heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were measured in the selected samples. The results showed that, in five out of 28 samples analysed, six concentrations exceeded the maximum levels provided for in the regulations: five for Pb and one for Cd. Maximum regulated levels for Pb were exceeded in two samples of red potato, two samples of common bean, and one sample of carrot (17.9 %), and for Cd in a sample of red potato (3.6 %). In conclusion, the cause of the overstepping of the maximum levels for Pb and Cd in the vegetables analysed was most likely the contaminated soil. The possible sources of soil contamination include traffic, nearby industry, floodwaters of rivers and streams, and the use of pesticides and fertilisers in agricultural production.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of heavy metals in common vegetables at Varaždin City Market, Croatia

Stančić

Vujević

Gomaz

et al. 2016

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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“…The lowest Cr concentration (3 ± 0.5 mg kg -1 ) per dry mass in fenugreek seed was recorded at the Korem site. The AI for Cr is 35 μg per day and 25 μg per day, for young men and young women, respectively (EFSA, 2014). In addition to the above, the ESADDIs for Cr for adults is 50-200 μg per day (WARDLAW, 1997).…”

Section: Levels Of Essential and Toxic Metals In Fenugreek Seeds (Trimentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of essential and toxic metals in fenugreek seeds (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum L.) cultivated in different parts of Ethiopia

Hagos

Chandravanshi

2016

Braz. J. Food Technol.

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This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited Levels of essential and toxic metals in fenugreek seeds (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum L.) cultivated in different parts of EthiopiaNíveis de metais essenciais e tóxicos em sementes de fenacho (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum L.) cultivados em diferentes partes de Etiópia SummaryThe levels of the major (Ca, K, Na, Mg), trace (Fe, Cr, Ni, Zn, Mn, Cu, Co), and toxic (Pb, Cd) metals in the seeds of fenugreek cultivated in different regions of Ethiopia were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS). Wet ashing was used to digest 0.5 g of fenugreek seed flour using 1. . A statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 95% confidence level revealed there were significant differences between the mean metal contents of fourteen sample means, except for Zn. Pearson's correlation revealed weak positive or negative linear relationships, which implies that the presence of one metal did not affect the presence of the other metals within the plant, except for a few metals. The study showed that fenugreek seeds were a good source of essential metals. However, they also contained large amounts of the toxic metals Cd and Pb and therefore should not be consumed daily. Keywords: Fenugreek seed; Trigonella foenum-graecum L.; Major elements; Trace elements; Toxic elements; Ethiopia;Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. ResumoOs níveis dos metais majoritários (Ca, K, Na, Mg), traços (Fe, Cr, Ni, Zn, Mn, Cu, Co) e tóxicos (Pb, Cd) nas sementes de fenacho, cultivadas em regiões diferentes de Etiópia, foram determinados por espectrofotometria de absorção atómica com chama (EAAC). A incineração á úmido foi usada para digerir 0,5 g da farinha das sementes de fenacho, usando 1,5 mL de uma mistura dos ácidos HNO 3 e HClO 4 (relação de 5:1), com 30 min de digestão prévia, 45 min de digestão total a temperatura de 150 ºC. Treze elementos foram determinados, obtendo-se concentrações nas seguintes faixas: Ca (15353-36771 mg kg . Uma análise estatística de variância (ANOVA), a nível de confiança de 95%, revelou que houve diferenças significativas entre os teores médios dos metais das quatorze amostras, exceto para Zn. A correlação de Pearson revelou relações lineares fracamente positivas ou negativas, o que implica que a presença de um metal não afeta a presença de outros metais dentro da planta, com exceção de alguns metais. O estudo demonstrou que as sementes de fenacho são uma boa fonte dos metais essenciais. Contudo, também continham quantias grandes dos metais tóxicos Cd e Pb e, portanto, não devem ser consumidas diariamente. Palavras

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“…In its Scientific Opinion on dietary reference values (DRVs) for chromium, the NDA Panel concluded that the essential function of chromium (as Cr(III)) in metabolism has not been substantiated and no average requirement (AR) and population reference intake (PRI) for chromium can be defined. The Panel also concluded that there was no evidence of beneficial effects associated with chromium intake in healthy subjects and, therefore, the setting of an adequate intake (AI) for chromium was also not appropriate (EFSA NDA Panel, 2014).…”

Section: Nutritional Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety of chromium‐enriched biomass of Yarrowia lipolytica as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283

Nutrition¹,

Turck²,

Castenmiller³

et al. 2020

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on chromium‐enriched biomass of Yarrowia lipolytica as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is the dried and heat‐killed chromium‐enriched biomass of Y. lipolytica. This yeast species is widespread in nature, can be found in the environment and in foods, and was attributed the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) status for production purposes in 2018, including food and feed products based on biomass of the yeast. The production process, fermentation in the presence of chromium chloride, includes a heat‐killing step of the yeast, resulting in the absence of viable Y. lipolytica in the NF. The maximum total chromium content of the NF is 23 μg Cr/g, with the chromium present as Cr(III). The applicant proposed to use the NF as a food supplement. The target population proposed by the applicant is the general population from 3 years of age onwards, with maximum proposed use levels of 2 g/day for children from 3 to 9 years of age and 4 g/day thereafter. At the proposed use levels of the NF, the combined intake of chromium provided by the NF, in addition to a background diet high in chromium, would result in total chromium intakes well below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for chromium(III) for all target population groups. The Panel concludes that the NF, chromium‐enriched biomass of Y. lipolytica, is safe under the proposed conditions of use.

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Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for chromium

Cited by 177 publications

References 84 publications

Detection of heavy metals in common vegetables at Varaždin City Market, Croatia

Detection of heavy metals in common vegetables at Varaždin City Market, Croatia

Levels of essential and toxic metals in fenugreek seeds (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum L.) cultivated in different parts of Ethiopia

Safety of chromium‐enriched biomass of Yarrowia lipolytica as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283

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