Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fluoride

Products, Efsa Panel on Dietetic

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3332

Cited by 73 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…As we previously reported [10], there is some controversy regarding recommendations on Adequate Intake (AI) for F since there are no signs of F deficiency which have been identified in humans, and F has no known essential function in human growth and development [115]. Evidence over the last 20 years has demonstrated that the cariostatic effect of F is topical on the tooth surface and ingestion is not required [116–118].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black Tea Source, Production, and Consumption: Assessment of Health Risks of Fluoride Intake in New Zealand

Waugh¹,

Godfrey

Limeback

et al. 2017

Journal of Environmental and Public Health

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In countries with fluoridation of public water, it is imperative to determine other dietary sources of fluoride intake to reduce the public health risk of chronic exposure. New Zealand has one of the highest per capita consumption rates of black tea internationally and is one of the few countries to artificially fluoridate public water; yet no information is available to consumers on the fluoride levels in tea products. In this study, we determined the contribution of black tea as a source of dietary fluoride intake by measuring the fluoride content in 18 brands of commercially available products in New Zealand. Fluoride concentrations were measured by potentiometric method with a fluoride ion-selective electrode and the contribution of black tea to Adequate Intake (AI) and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) was calculated for a range of consumption scenarios. We examined factors that influence the fluoride content in manufactured tea and tea infusions, as well as temporal changes in fluoride exposure from black tea. We review the international evidence regarding chronic fluoride intake and its association with chronic pain, arthritic disease, and musculoskeletal disorders and provide insights into possible association between fluoride intake and the high prevalence of these disorders in New Zealand.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black Tea Source, Production, and Consumption: Assessment of Health Risks of Fluoride Intake in New Zealand

Waugh¹,

Godfrey

Limeback

et al. 2017

Journal of Environmental and Public Health

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“…Nevertheless, the Panel considered in its opinion on DRVs for fluoride (EFSA NDA Panel, 2013b) that the setting of an AI was appropriate because of the beneficial effects of dietary fluoride on prevention of dental caries. For infants below six months of age, the Panel concluded in its previous opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union (EFSA NDA Panel, 2013a) that a fluoride intake of 0.08 mg/day is adequate for the majority of infants below six months of age.…”

Section: Ai Of Fluoride In Infantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Products¹

2014

EFSA Journal

272

124

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formula. This opinion reviews the opinion provided by the Scientific Committee on Food in 2003 on the essential requirements of infant and follow-on formulae in light of more recent evidence and by considering the Panel's opinion of October 2013 on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union. The minimum content of a nutrient in formula proposed in this opinion is derived from the intake levels the Panel had considered adequate for the majority of infants in the first six months of life in its previous opinion and an average amount of formula consumed during this period. From a nutritional point of view, the minimum contents of nutrients in infant and follow-on formula proposed by the Panel cover the nutritional needs of virtually all healthy infants born at term and there is no need to exceed these amounts in formulae, as nutrients which are not used or stored have to be excreted and this may put a burden on the infant's metabolism. Therefore, the Panel emphasises that maximum amounts should be interpreted not as target values but rather as upper limits of a range which should not be exceeded. There is scientific consensus that breast milk is the preferred food for all healthy infants and provides an adequate supply of all nutrients to support growth and development (with the exception of vitamin K during the first weeks of life and of vitamin D). Whereas the composition of infant formula remains stable over time, breast milk composition changes continuously and therefore infant formula cannot imitate breast milk. © EuropeanAll formulae intended for infants must be safe and suitable to meet the nutritional requirements and promote growth and development of infants born at term when used as a sole source of nutrition during the first months of life, and when used as the principal liquid element in a progressively diversified diet after the introduction of appropriate complementary feeding. Nutrients and substances should be added to formulae for infants only in amounts that serve a nutritional or other benefit. The addition in amounts higher than those serving a benefit or the inclusion of unnecessary substances in formulae may put a burden on the infant's metabolism and/or on other physiological functions, as substances which are not used or stored have to be excreted.The minimum content of a nutrient in formula proposed in this opinion is derived from the intake levels the Panel had considered adequate for the majority of infants in the first half of the first year of life in its previous opinion and an average amount of daily energy intake from formula during this period (500 kcal/day). These minimum amounts should be understood as target values which cover the nutritional needs of virtually all infants born at term for optimal growth and devel...

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“…Nutrient requirements and references should be differentiated from recommended intakes because of differences in the methodology for their derivation and their intention. Considering amongst other nutrient goals for a given population, reference values are translated into recommendations for managing nutritional risks (EFSA NDA Panel, 2010g NDA Panel, 2010f, 2010d, 2010a, 2012a, 2013b, 2013c, 2013d and endorsed opinions on DRVs for biotin and pantothenic acid for public consultation (EFSA NDA Panel, 2013g, 2013a.…”

Section: Methodological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union

Products¹

2013

EFS2

185

107

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a Scientific Opinion on the nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union. This Opinion describes the dietary requirements of infants and young children, compares dietary intakes and requirements in infants and young children in Europe and, based on these findings, concludes on the potential role of young-child formulae in the diets of infants and young children, including whether they have any nutritional benefits when compared with other foods that may be included in the normal diet of infants and young children. The Panel concluded on the levels of nutrient and energy intakes that are considered adequate for the majority of infants and young children, and evaluated the risk of inadequate nutrient intakes in infants and young children in living Europe. Dietary intakes of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), iron, vitamin D and iodine (in some European countries) are low in infants and young children living in Europe, and particular attention should be paid to ensuring an appropriate supply of ALA, DHA, iron, vitamin D and iodine in infants and young children with inadequate or at risk of inadequate status of these nutrients. No unique role of young-child formulae with respect to the provision of critical nutrients in the diet of infants and young children living in Europe can be identified, so that they cannot be considered as a necessity to satisfy the nutritional requirements of young children when compared with other foods that may be included in the normal diet of young children (such as breast milk, infant formulae, follow-on formulae and cow's milk).

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Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fluoride

Cited by 73 publications

References 126 publications

Black Tea Source, Production, and Consumption: Assessment of Health Risks of Fluoride Intake in New Zealand

Black Tea Source, Production, and Consumption: Assessment of Health Risks of Fluoride Intake in New Zealand

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Scientific Opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union

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