Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for zinc

Products, Efsa Panel on Dietetic

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3844

Cited by 196 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 141 publications

(148 reference statements)

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“…EFSA estimated dietary intake of Zn in the adult European population between 8.0 and 14.0 mg per day (51). In a TDS in France, the mean concentrations of Zn were 2.49 mg kg -1 in potato-based products, 2.57 mg kg -1 in vegetables, and 9.79 mg kg -1 in dried vegetables (46).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For Zn, a tolerable upper intake level of 25 mg per day has been recommended, and a population reference intake range from 7.5 to 12.7 mg per day in women, and from 9.4 to 16.3 mg per day in men, both in adults, has been established (50,51). EFSA estimated dietary intake of Zn in the adult European population between 8.0 and 14.0 mg per day (51).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of heavy metals in common vegetables at Varaždin City Market, Croatia

Stančić

Vujević

Gomaz

et al. 2016

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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The present study was aimed at the estimation of heavy metal content in vegetables sold at the city market of one of the densely populated Croatian cities, Varaždin, and to establish the relationship between their levels and possible sources of contamination. Twenty-eight samples of the most common diet vegetables (red and white potato, onion, carrot, common bean, lettuce, and cabbage) were randomly bought at the market in September and October 2013. Using the atomic absorption spectrometry method, concentrations of nine heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were measured in the selected samples. The results showed that, in five out of 28 samples analysed, six concentrations exceeded the maximum levels provided for in the regulations: five for Pb and one for Cd. Maximum regulated levels for Pb were exceeded in two samples of red potato, two samples of common bean, and one sample of carrot (17.9 %), and for Cd in a sample of red potato (3.6 %). In conclusion, the cause of the overstepping of the maximum levels for Pb and Cd in the vegetables analysed was most likely the contaminated soil. The possible sources of soil contamination include traffic, nearby industry, floodwaters of rivers and streams, and the use of pesticides and fertilisers in agricultural production.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of heavy metals in common vegetables at Varaždin City Market, Croatia

Stančić

Vujević

Gomaz

et al. 2016

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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show abstract

“…Zinc is an essential element with an average requirement of up to 10.2 mg/day for women and up to 12.7 mg/day for men (EFSA NDA Panel, 2014 Davis et al (2000), Milne et al (2001) and Bonham et al (2003a, b). An uncertainty factor of 2 was applied owing to the small number of subjects included in these relatively short-term studies but acknowledging the rigidly controlled metabolic experimental conditions employed.…”

Section: Toxicological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the safety evaluation of the substance zinc oxide, nanoparticles, uncoated and coated with [3‐(methacryloxy)propyl] trimethoxysilane, for use in food contact materials

Flavourings¹

2015

EFS2

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. Scientific Opinion on the safety evaluation of the substance zinc oxide, nanoparticles, uncoated and coated with [3-(methacryloxy)propyl] trimethoxysilane, for use in food contact materials. EFSA Journal 2015;13(4) The zinc oxide nanoparticles are intended to be used as a transparent ultraviolet light (UV) absorber in all types of polyolefins. When coated with [3-(methacryloxy)propyl] trimethoxysilane, the coating is up to 2 % by weight of the zinc oxide. The additive is to be used in the polymer at a maximum content of 2 % and 3 % by weight for the uncoated and the coated species, respectively. The plastics are intended to be used in contact with all types of foodstuffs for long-term storage at room temperature.The substance is used as a powder in nanoform. In the final polymer the nanoparticles are still present but largely aggregated. Zinc oxide particle clusters were present with a median number-based size of 205 nm for low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with 2 % of uncoated zinc oxide and of 120 nm for LDPE with 3 % of coated zinc oxide.Specific migration of the substance was tested from LDPE films (thicknesses 30-40 µm), containing the maximum use level of uncoated and coated species, into 3 % acetic acid and 10 % and 50 % ethanol for 10 days at 60 °C. Migration of zinc into 3 % acetic acid was high: up to 7.6 mg/kg (2 % zinc oxide), and up to 17.3 mg/kg (3 % coated zinc oxide). Migration of zinc into 10 % and 50 % ethanol was up to 80 µg/kg for the coated and uncoated species.The applicant provided data from a stress test on the migration test samples, which were in contact with iso-octane for 10 days at 20 °C to generate polymer swelling. The absence of any detectable zinc (< 0.1 µg/kg) in the swelling simulant iso-octane suggests that the up to 80 µg/kg of zinc detected in the 10 % and 50 % ethanol simulants is due to slight solubilisation of zinc oxide releasing ionic zinc. This would be consistent with current scientific understanding on the lack of the diffusion potential of nanoparticles in polymers (Bott et al., 2014a, b, c). No direct evidence is available, however, on the physical form of this released zinc. In the event that it was in particulate form, it would nonetheless be expected to dissolve immediately into ionic zinc on contact with acid foods or stomach acid. For the 3 % acetic acid simulant, based on the solubility results, the high level of migration is clearly driven by solubilisation of zinc by the acidic media with dissolution of zinc oxide to the soluble ionic form (i.e. Zn 2+ ).In 2003 The CEF Panel, after having considered the above-mentioned data, concluded that the substance zinc oxide in nanoform, uncoated or coated with [3-(methacryloxy)propyl]trimethoxysilane, does not migrate in nanoform, and therefore the safety evaluation focuses on the migration of soluble ionic zinc. The available migration data for ionic zinc coming from the intended application comply with the current specific migration limit (SML), but in combination with dietary exposure from other sources the UL of...

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“…In a previous opinion (EFSA NDA Panel, 2014f), the Panel derived a PRI for zinc for normal-weight adult men of 9.4 mg/day and for normal-weight adult women of 7.5 mg/day when a phytate intake of 300 mg/day is assumed. The PRI was based on saturation response modelling to estimate physiological requirements.…”

Section: Zincmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of total diet replacements for weight control

Products¹

2015

EFSA Journal

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the essential composition of total diet replacements for weight control. Total diet replacements for weight control are intended to induce a substantial energy deficit in overweight or obese adults who wish to lose weight and replace the whole diet in the context of energyrestricted diets for weight reduction. In this opinion, the Panel proposed a minimum protein content based on a Population Reference Intake for protein adjusted for the overweight or obese (75 g/day), a minimum carbohydrate content based on the obligatory glucose demands of the brain (30 g/day) and minimum contents of linoleic acid (11 g/day), α-linolenic acid (1.4 g/day) and micronutrients based on reference values established either by the Panel or by other scientific or authoritative bodies. Derived from the minimum content of macronutrients, the Panel proposed a minimum energy content of total diet replacements for weight control of 2 510 kJ/day (600 kcal/day). The Panel also advised on potential conditions and restrictions of use for these products. © European SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the essential composition of total diet replacements for weight control. Total diet replacements for weight control are intended to induce a substantial energy deficit in overweight or obese adults who wish to lose weight and replace the whole diet in the context of energy-restricted diets for weight reduction.The guiding principle for providing advice on the essential composition of total diet replacements for weight control should be that products are safe and suitable when consumed as a sole source of nutrition for several weeks to months by overweight or obese adults in the context of energy-restricted diets for weight reduction. In order to avoid nutrient deficiencies, these products should, therefore, provide at least the Population Reference Intake or the Adequate Intake for adults of all indispensable nutrients. As Dietary Reference Values are generally established for healthy, normal-weight individuals, specific consideration has been given by the Panel in this opinion whether there was an increase in nutrient requirements in the overweight or obese or (rapid) weight loss leads to an increased nutrient loss and thus a higher requirement. The Panel also considered the extent to which different diet compositions impact on losses in fat-free mass, and on other adverse effects of weight loss diets, such as gallstone formation. The effectiveness of a product in terms of extent of weight loss was not in itself considered an appropriate determinant for the necessary composition of total diet replacements for weight control. ProteinThe Population Reference Intake of 0.83 g/kg body weight per day cannot be directly applied to overweight or obese indi...

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Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for zinc

Cited by 196 publications

References 141 publications

Detection of heavy metals in common vegetables at Varaždin City Market, Croatia

Detection of heavy metals in common vegetables at Varaždin City Market, Croatia

Scientific Opinion on the safety evaluation of the substance zinc oxide, nanoparticles, uncoated and coated with [3‐(methacryloxy)propyl] trimethoxysilane, for use in food contact materials

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of total diet replacements for weight control

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