Scientific and industrial status of tissue engineering

Recent advancements in polymer matrix nanocomposites for bone tissue engineering applications

“…As a multi-disciplinary field, it applies the principles of chemistry, physics, engineering, life and clinical sciences to resolve basic therapeutic concerns such as damage or loss of tissue and even organ failure [26]. Furthermore, it focuses on the advancement towards the application of biocompatible materials (either standalone or in combination with bioactive molecules such as cytokines or growth factors) to promote growth and differentiation in the event of tissue regeneration by stimulating various cellular signalling pathways [27]. Tissue engineering is usually achieved through scaffolds, cells, and biological factors to heal various body tissues, as illustrated in Fig.…”

“…Tissue engineering, like stem cell research, has to take ethical considerations into account, starting from the sources of the cells, safety, long-term implications in tissue construction, costs, and intellectual property issues. It entails a thorough understanding of the development of organic substitutes and the cellular interactions in normal and damaged tissues to maintain, restore, and improve tissue function [26][27][28]. Culturing cells on bioactive degradable substrates provides a physical and chemical environment to control and assemble into three-dimensional structures to synthesize live tissues.…”

“…Culturing cells on bioactive degradable substrates provides a physical and chemical environment to control and assemble into three-dimensional structures to synthesize live tissues. The choice of scaffolds with specific physical, mechanical, and natural features remains one of the challenges in tissue engineering applications that need to be surpassed [27][28][29][30].…”

Applications of nanomaterials in tissue engineering

“…That is, during tissue engineering, a variety of biomaterials (including polymers, ceramics and inorganic substances), bioactive molecules and cells are integrated to induce and/or stimulate differentiation signals, and promote tissue regeneration at the lesion or damaged site. 11 Considering wide applications of nanomaterials in tissue engineering, the basic requirements for nanomaterials use are as follows: biodegradability, biocompatibility, biointegration, easy manufacturing and handling, and low production cost. 12 This review introduces the types, synthesis, functionalization and characterization of nanomaterials used in tissue engineering, and summarizes the applications of nanomaterials in tissue engineering of bone, skin, nerve and dental, and drug delivery.…”