Scientific and Ethical Importance of Animal Models in Biodefense Research

Swearengen, James R.

doi:10.1201/b11523-4

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Initially, the respective microbial efficiencies of MtbΔ sigH gene mutant and the parental Mtb CDC1551 strains were determined through a series of aerosol-only studies. The microbial efficiencies were used to estimate achievable aerosol doses that could be delivered to each animal using mathematical formula catered to this purpose 65 for both the aerosol vaccination and subsequent challenge experiments. The animal vaccinations (and challenge exposures) were performed singly, and a ‘target' dose is reported for the group based on prevailing experimental conditions, including individual animal respiratory rate, during each exposure event.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucosal vaccination with attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces strong central memory responses and protects against tuberculosis

et al. 2015

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a global pandemic, partially due to the failure of vaccination approaches. Novel anti-TB vaccines are therefore urgently required. Here we show that aerosol immunization of macaques with the Mtb mutant in SigH (MtbΔsigH) results in significant recruitment of inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing activation and proliferation markers to the lungs. Further, the findings indicate that pulmonary vaccination with MtbΔsigH elicited strong central memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in the lung. Vaccination with MtbΔsigH results in significant protection against a lethal TB challenge, as evidenced by a ~three log reduction in bacterial burdens, significantly diminished clinical manifestations and granulomatous pathology and characterized by the presence of profound iBALT. This highly protective response is virtually absent in unvaccinated and BCG-vaccinated animals after challenge. These results suggest that future TB vaccine candidates can be developed based on MtbΔsigH.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucosal vaccination with attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces strong central memory responses and protects against tuberculosis

et al. 2015

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“…Retrieved studies were also reviewed for additional references. Although intrinsically linked to the general theme of this review, the development of inhalational animal models to replicate human disease is considered outside the scope of this review, and readers are directed to the extensive literature in this field (e.g., 9 – 11 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerobiology: Experimental Considerations, Observations, and Future Tools

Haddrell

Thomas

2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Understanding airborne survival and decay of microorganisms is important for a range of public health and biodefense applications, including epidemiological and risk analysis modeling. Techniques for experimental aerosol generation, retention in the aerosol phase, and sampling require careful consideration and understanding so that they are representative of the conditions the bioaerosol would experience in the environment. This review explores the current understanding of atmospheric transport in relation to advances and limitations of aerosol generation, maintenance in the aerosol phase, and sampling techniques. Potential tools for the future are examined at the interface between atmospheric chemistry, aerosol physics, and molecular microbiology where the heterogeneity and variability of aerosols can be explored at the single-droplet and single-microorganism levels within a bioaerosol. The review highlights the importance of method comparison and validation in bioaerosol research and the benefits that the application of novel techniques could bring to increasing the understanding of aerobiological phenomena in diverse research fields, particularly during the progression of atmospheric transport, where complex interdependent physicochemical and biological processes occur within bioaerosol particles.

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“…Plague and tularemia are associated with different pathological symptoms in rodents. Plague leads to splenomegaly, swollen lymph nodes, and swelling and congestion in the liver and spleen, which are significant indications in an autopsy [ 18 , 19 ]. In rodents, an infection with F. tularensis can cause symptoms of pyogranulomatous inflammation in the liver and spleen that can lead to mortality within three days [ 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tularemia and plague survey in rodents in an earthquake zone in southeastern Iran

Pourhossein¹,

Esmaeili²,

Gyuranecz³

et al. 2015

Epidemiol Health

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OBJECTIVES:Earthquakes are one the most common natural disasters that lead to increased mortality and morbidity from transmissible diseases, partially because the rodents displaced by an earthquake can lead to an increased rate of disease transmission. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of plague and tularemia in rodents in the earthquake zones in southeastern Iran.METHODS:In April 2013, a research team was dispatched to explore the possible presence of diseases in rodents displaced by a recent earthquake magnitude 7.7 around the cities of Khash and Saravan in Sistan and Baluchestan Province. Rodents were trapped near and in the earthquake zone, in a location where an outbreak of tularemia was reported in 2007. Rodent serums were tested for a serological survey using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTS:In the 13 areas that were studied, nine rodents were caught over a total of 200 trap-days. Forty-eight fleas and 10 ticks were obtained from the rodents. The ticks were from the Hyalomma genus and the fleas were from the Xenopsylla genus. All the trapped rodents were Tatera indica. Serological results were negative for plague, but the serum agglutination test was positive for tularemia in one of the rodents. Tatera indica has never been previously documented to be involved in the transmission of tularemia.CONCLUSIONS:No evidence of the plague cycle was found in the rodents of the area, but evidence was found of tularemia infection in rodents, as demonstrated by a positive serological test for tularemia in one rodent.

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Scientific and Ethical Importance of Animal Models in Biodefense Research

Cited by 8 publications

References 9 publications

Mucosal vaccination with attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces strong central memory responses and protects against tuberculosis

Mucosal vaccination with attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces strong central memory responses and protects against tuberculosis

Aerobiology: Experimental Considerations, Observations, and Future Tools

Tularemia and plague survey in rodents in an earthquake zone in southeastern Iran

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