Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Activities to 1940

Dupree, A. Hunter

doi:10.2307/1847153

The American Historical Review

1957

DOI: 10.2307/1847153

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Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Activities to 1940

A. Hunter Dupree¹

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Cited by 34 publications

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Stephen Forbes, Jacob Reighard, and the emergence of aquatic ecology in the Great Lakes region

Bocking

1990

J Hist Biol

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Ecology emerged as a scientific discipline in North America between 1880 and 1910. As several historians have noted, the schools of plant ecology at the Universities of Nebraska and Chicago were very significant in this process. 1 However, there also developed in the American Midwest an interest in aquatic ecology. This was reflected in the establishment in the 1890s of several research stations and programs in Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio. Set up by universities, by state natural history surveys, and by federal and state fish commissions, these were the first centers devoted, at least in part, to aquatic ecology in North America.Two of the most active centers of research were at the University of Illinois, directed by Stephen Forbes, and at the University of Michigan, led by Jacob Reighard. Forbes began his aquatic ecological research with studies in the 1880s of the food of fish, and surveys of their geographic distribution across the state. In the mid-1890s, a new research station on the Illinois River provided the setting for studies of river ecology, including Charles Kofoid's five-year quantitative study of the river plankton. Reighard, with Henry Ward, also studied plankton using quantitative methodology: on Lake St. Clair in 1893, on Lake Michigan the following year, and on Lake Erie from 1898 to 1902. Between 1898 and 1902 Reighard's colleagues studied other aspects of the biology of Lake Erie, including the rooted plants, algae, and protozoa, in part at a summer station on Lake Erie.

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Stephen Forbes, Jacob Reighard, and the emergence of aquatic ecology in the Great Lakes region

Bocking

1990

J Hist Biol

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Between American history and history of science

Reingold

1996

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A

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Science, technology, and government: Re-examining the relationship

Tatum

1995

Technology in Society

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Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Activities to 1940

Cited by 34 publications

References 0 publications

Stephen Forbes, Jacob Reighard, and the emergence of aquatic ecology in the Great Lakes region

Stephen Forbes, Jacob Reighard, and the emergence of aquatic ecology in the Great Lakes region

Between American history and history of science

Science, technology, and government: Re-examining the relationship

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