Science competencies in kindergarten: a prospective study in the last year of kindergarten

Abstract

Science competencies are considered an important 21st century skill. How this skill develops in childhood is, however, not well understood, and in particular little is known about how different aspects of science competencies are related. In this prospective study with 58 children aged 5–6 years, we investigate the development of two aspects of science competence: scientific thinking and science content knowledge. Scientific thinking was assessed with a comprehensive 30-item instrument; science content knowledge was measured with an 18-item instrument that assesses children’s knowledge with regard to melting and evaporation. The results revealed basic competencies in scientific thinking and science content knowledge at the end of kindergarten (46% and 49% correct, respectively, both different from chance). In mid-kindergarten, children performed better than chance on the assessment of science content knowledge (40% correct) but not on the assessment of scientific thinking (34% correct). Science content knowledge in mid-kindergarten predicted children’s science content knowledge at the end of kindergarten, as well as scientific thinking (both at 6 years). The opposite pattern did not hold: scientific thinking in mid-kindergarten did not predict science content knowledge at the end of kindergarten. Our findings show initial science competencies during kindergarten, and they suggest that children’s science content knowledge and scientific thinking are interrelated in a meaningful way. These results are discussed with respect to the different hypotheses that connect scientific thinking and science content knowledge as key features of science competencies. Implications for research and teaching are discussed.

The complex associations between children’s scientific reasoning and advanced theory of mind

“…A 3-wave longitudinal study involving children aged 4-6 years (Piekny & Maehler, 2013) showed early abilities in the interpretation of perfect covariation and noncovariation, but not in the interpretation of more-complex data patterns or the ability to differentiate conclusive from inconclusive evidence. In line with this finding, studies using comprehensive inventories and simplified tasks across multiple scientific-reasoning components have shown many basic abilities in 6-but not 5-year-olds (Koerber & Osterhaus, 2021).…”

“…Table 1 reports the mean composite scores for all cognitive measures, the scaled scientific-reasoning score, and whether children's ability differed from chance. The scientific-reasoning ability was significantly better than chance for 6-year-olds but not 5-year-olds, showing that basic scientificreasoning abilities (as measured with a comprehensive inventory) emerge at the end of kindergarten (Koerber & Osterhaus, 2021). The K0 score was therefore excluded from most of the subsequent analyses.…”

The complex associations between scientific reasoning and advanced theory of mind

“…A three‐wave longitudinal study involving children aged 4–6 years (Piekny & Maehler, 2013) showed early abilities in the interpretation of perfect covariation and noncovariation, but not in the interpretation of more‐complex data patterns or the ability to differentiate conclusive from inconclusive evidence. In line with this finding, studies using comprehensive inventories and simplified tasks across multiple scientific‐reasoning components have shown many basic abilities in 6‐ but not 5‐year‐olds (Koerber & Osterhaus, 2021).…”

“…The present study was part of a larger project investigating cognitive development in middle childhood (see Figure 2). Findings pertaining to the development of AToM have been published elsewhere (Osterhaus & Koerber, 2021a), as have those pertaining to the interrelation between scientific reasoning and science knowledge from K0 to K1 (Koerber & Osterhaus, 2021).…”

“…Table 1 reports the mean composite scores for all cognitive measures, the scaled scientificreasoning score, and whether children's ability differed from chance. The scientific-reasoning ability was significantly better than chance for 6-year-olds but not 5-year-olds, showing that basic scientific-reasoning abilities (as measured with a comprehensive inventory) emerge at the end of kindergarten (Koerber & Osterhaus, 2021). The K0 score was therefore excluded from most of the subsequent analyses.…”