Science and Regulation: Current Impasse and Future Solutions

Hoppin, Polly; Clapp, Richard

doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.059626

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…EPA 2010a), and new pharmaceuticals (FDA 2010). Recent discussions have explored how new types of assay data might have an impact on the regulation of genotoxic compounds (Elespuru et al 2009; Ge et al 2007; Guyton et al 2009; Hartung 2009a, 2009b; Hartung and Daston 2009; Hartung and Rovida 2009; Hoppin and Clapp 2005; Krewski et al 2009; Meek and Doull 2009; National Research Council 2007; Service 2009). Many such issues will need to be settled before legislation of the type above could ever be instituted for 21st century assays.…”

Section: The Salmonella Assay As a Model For 21st Century Toxicology mentioning

confidence: 99%

TheSalmonellaMutagenicity Assay: The Stethoscope of Genetic Toxicology for the 21st Century

Claxton

Umbuzeiro

DeMarini

2010

Environ Health Perspect

130

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ObjectivesAccording to the 2007 National Research Council report Toxicology for the Twenty-First Century, modern methods (e.g., “omics,” in vitro assays, high-throughput testing, computational methods) will lead to the emergence of a new approach to toxicology. The Salmonella mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay has been central to the field of genetic toxicology since the 1970s. Here we document the paradigm shifts engendered by the assay, the validation and applications of the assay, and how the assay is a model for future in vitro toxicology assays.Data sourcesWe searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge using key words relevant to the Salmonella assay and additional genotoxicity assays.Data extractionWe merged the citations, removing duplicates, and categorized the papers by year and topic.Data synthesisThe Salmonella assay led to two paradigm shifts: that some carcinogens were mutagens and that some environmental samples (e.g., air, water, soil, food, combustion emissions) were mutagenic. Although there are > 10,000 publications on the Salmonella assay, covering tens of thousands of agents, data on even more agents probably exist in unpublished form, largely as proprietary studies by industry. The Salmonella assay is a model for the development of 21st century in vitro toxicology assays in terms of the establishment of standard procedures, ability to test various agents, transferability across laboratories, validation and testing, and structure–activity analysis.ConclusionsSimilar to a stethoscope as a first-line, inexpensive tool in medicine, the Salmonella assay can serve a similar, indispensable role in the foreseeable future of 21st century toxicology.

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Section: The Salmonella Assay As a Model For 21st Century Toxicology mentioning

confidence: 99%

TheSalmonellaMutagenicity Assay: The Stethoscope of Genetic Toxicology for the 21st Century

Claxton

Umbuzeiro

DeMarini

2010

Environ Health Perspect

130

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“…Manufacturing uncertainly and promoting inappropriate criteria for assessing the quality of evidence...are central elements of a strategy for opposing regulation, impeding discussion of values and societal priorities, and closing out input from those whose health and quality of life are impacted by regulatory decisions. (Hoppin & Clapp, 2005, p. S8) Science, Technology, and Identity Claims of too much uncertainty, and promotion of unreasonably high standards of evidence, are examples of strategic idealizations of science, because they suggest that good science avoids tentative conclusions, consensual assumptions, and the need for further research.…”

Section: Sts In the Law School Curriculummentioning

confidence: 99%

Science, Technology, and Catholic Identity in the Education of Professionals

Warner

Caudill

2013

JOCE

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The reception of Ex corde ecclesiae has been uneven across the disciplines, with scant interest in distinctly Catholic pedagogies outside of the humanities. This essay argues that Catholic universities can distinguish themselves by how they present science and technology in their curriculum by drawing from the interdisciplinary field of "science, technology & society," or STS. We argue that discussions about Catholic identity, science, and human values can and should extend into the curriculum while simultaneously safeguarding academic freedom, and that this can readily be done in professional schools, such as law and engineering. We outline the contributions that STS as a field could offer Catholic higher education. We discuss how teaching science and technologies as social forces can provide the intellectual and reflective space necessary for critical reflection on their moral dimensions, in society and in the emerging professional lives of students. We argue that STS can help Catholic universities express the Catholic tradition of linking knowledge and wisdom, and thus has the potential to advance the distinctly Catholic character of universities. To substantiate our claims, we present three examples of STS in Catholic higher education curriculum: undergraduate core curriculum, law school instruction, and frugal innovation in engineering education.

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“…Some believe this evolution in business thinking might be occurring, albeit slowly (Hoppin and Clapp 2005).…”

Section: What Should Be Done?mentioning

confidence: 99%