“…In these countries, the mean educational level is signifi cantly lower than that in European countries (Bach et al, 2017;Brücker, Rother, & Schupp, 2017;Hanushek & Woessmann, 2015;Schier, 2017;Stoewe, 2017). Additionally, many refugees have disrupted their educational careers because they had to abruptly escape war and persecution and embark on extended trips (Diehl, Katsarova, Maué, & Schumann, 2017).…”