Schooling Fish Under Attack Are Not All Equal: Some Lead, Others Follow

Marras, Stefano; Domenici, Paolo

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065784

Cited by 38 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Overall, these findings show that idiosyncratic behaviour is modulated by social context in cockroaches. While previous work has investigated how individual behavioural variation affects group performance in different classes of organisms (Millor et al, 2006;Canonge et al, 2009;Canonge et al, 2011;Burns et al, 2012;Briffa 2013;Marras et al, 2013;, it ! 7 is less well understood how group membership influences individual behavioural performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social context modulates idiosyncrasy of behaviour in the gregarious cockroach Blaberus discoidalis

Crall

Souffrant

Akandwanaho

et al. 2015

Preprint

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Individuals are different, but they can work together to perform adaptive collective behaviours. Despite emerging evidence that individual variation strongly affects group performance, it is less clear to what extent individual variation is modulated by participation in collective behaviour. We examined light avoidance (negative phototaxis) in the gregarious cockroach Blaberus discoidalis, in both solitary and group contexts. Cockroaches in groups exhibit idiosyncratic light-avoidance performance that persists across days, with some individual cockroaches avoiding a light stimulus 75% of the time, and others avoiding the light just above chance (i.e. ~50% of the time). These individual differences are robust to group composition. Surprisingly, these differences do not persist when individuals are tested in isolation, but return when testing is once again done with groups. During the solo testing phase cockroaches exhibited individually consistent light-avoidance tendencies, but these differences were uncorrelated with performance in any group context. Therefore, we have observed not only that individual variation affects group-level performance, but also that whether or not a task is performed collectively can have a significant, predictable effect on how an individual behaves. That individual behavioural variation is modulated by whether a task is performed collectively has major implications for understanding variation in behaviours that are facultatively social, and it is essential that ethologists consider social context when evaluating individual behavioural differences.Movie S1 -Example group experiment -Shade-tracking behaviour of a group of nine cockroaches. Movie was taken after the end of data collection as an example. Recorded with a digital camera with a rolling shutter RGB sensor. https://youtu.be/SYe5h4QDDE4Movie S2 -Example solitary experiment -Shade-tracking behaviour of a single cockroach from the solitary experiments (Round 3). Recorded with a digital camera with a rolling shutter RGB sensor. https://youtu.be/hw-zffKJH4sMovie S3 -Automated tracking follows individual paths over time in a dynamic stimulus -Individual tracked (green) and interpolated (red) positions of ten cockroaches over time. In the second half of the movie, individual colors show traces of individual position for ten frames before the current one. Movie was captured at 7 frames per second and is played back at 30 frames per second. https://youtu.be/-M4Rtk1cEVg ! 12

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social context modulates idiosyncrasy of behaviour in the gregarious cockroach Blaberus discoidalis

Crall

Souffrant

Akandwanaho

et al. 2015

Preprint

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“…The stimulus was released by an electromagnet from a height of 150 cm above the water surface. To prevent visual stimulation before contact with the water surface, the stimulus was released into a vertical PVC tube (15 cm of diameter) ending 0.5 cm before the water surface [39]. Floodlighting was supplied by two 250W spotlights and the whole setup was covered by a black tarpaulin, to screen the fish from visual disturbance.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships among Traits of Aerobic and Anaerobic Swimming Performance in Individual European Sea Bass Dicentrarchus labrax

et al. 2013

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Teleost fishes exhibit wide and temporally stable inter-individual variation in a suite of aerobic and anaerobic locomotor traits. One mechanism that could allow such variation to persist within populations is the presence of tradeoffs between aerobic and anaerobic performance, such that individuals with a high capacity for one type of performance have a reduced capacity for the other. We investigated this possibility in European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax , each measured for a battery of indicators of maximum locomotor performance. Aerobic traits comprised active metabolic rate, aerobic scope for activity, maximum aerobic swimming speed, and stride length, using a constant acceleration test. Anaerobic traits comprised maximum speed during an escape response, maximum sprint speed, and maximum anaerobic burst speed during constant acceleration. The data provided evidence of significant variation in performance among individuals, but there was no evidence of any trade-offs among any traits of aerobic versus anaerobic swimming performance. Furthermore, the anaerobic traits were not correlated significantly among each other, despite relying on the same muscular structures. Thus, the variation observed may reflect trade-offs with other morphological, physiological or behavioural traits.

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“…Others suggest that heterogeneous groups might be necessary to achieve a more ‘natural’ behaviour73, and that differences among individuals might be essential for group coordination7475. For this reason in our approach, similar to Biswass et al 32,.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 69%

A Balanced Mixture of Antagonistic Pressures Promotes the Evolution of Parallel Movement

Demšar

Štrumbelj

Bajec

2016

Sci Rep

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A common hypothesis about the origins of collective behaviour suggests that animals might live and move in groups to increase their chances of surviving predator attacks. This hypothesis is supported by several studies that use computational models to simulate natural evolution. These studies, however, either tune an ad-hoc model to ‘reproduce’ collective behaviour, or concentrate on a single type of predation pressure, or infer the emergence of collective behaviour from an increase in prey density. In nature, prey are often targeted by multiple predator species simultaneously and this might have played a pivotal role in the evolution of collective behaviour. We expand on previous research by using an evolutionary rule-based system to simulate the evolution of prey behaviour when prey are subject to multiple simultaneous predation pressures. We analyse the evolved behaviour via prey density, polarization, and angular momentum. Our results suggest that a mixture of antagonistic external pressures that simultaneously steer prey towards grouping and dispersing might be required for prey individuals to evolve dynamic parallel movement.

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Schooling Fish Under Attack Are Not All Equal: Some Lead, Others Follow

Cited by 38 publications

References 52 publications

Social context modulates idiosyncrasy of behaviour in the gregarious cockroach Blaberus discoidalis

Social context modulates idiosyncrasy of behaviour in the gregarious cockroach Blaberus discoidalis

Relationships among Traits of Aerobic and Anaerobic Swimming Performance in Individual European Sea Bass Dicentrarchus labrax

A Balanced Mixture of Antagonistic Pressures Promotes the Evolution of Parallel Movement

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