Schooling and Income Distribution: Evidence from International Data

Distribution of Education and Population Health: An Ecological Analysis of New York City Neighborhoods

“…13,18 The literature in this regard is inconsistent; however, recent work has suggested that while income inequality may have a negative effect on national growth, education inequality may have a positive effect, for many of the same reasons proposed here at the small-area level. [34][35][36][37] Others have…”

Education Inequality, Economic Growth, and Income Inequality: Evidence from Indonesia, 1996-2005

“…Winegarden (1979) makes regression the income share of the bottom 80% on the mean and variance of schooling along with many other explanatory variables and concludes that higher average levels of schooling are an equalizer on income distribution, while educational inequality tends to generate income disparities to a considerable degree.…”

Declining inequality in schooling in Brazil and its effects on inequality in earnings

“…Empirical tests based on cross-national data provide mixed evidence. 8 Winegarden (1979) found mean schooling negatively associated with income inequality, and the variance of schooling positively associated with income inequality based on data for 32 countries. Ram (1984) found only marginally significa.TJ.t effects based on data for 28 countries, with the variance of schooling having an equalizing, rather than disequalizing, effect.…”

“…Chiswick, 1971, Knight and Sabot, 1987, and Marin and Psacharopoulos, 1976 have pointed out that the effect of educational expansion on earnings inequality is difficult to predict a priori, depending on specific changes in different levels of schooling, the relationship between schooling and earnings, and the change in that relationship as schooling increases. Several studies, such as Winegarden (1979), Ram (1984), and Tilak (1989), have attempted to clarify the relationship empirically by estimating cross-national regressions of the relationship between income inequality and measures of mean schooling and schooling inequality. These cross-national estimates provide conflicting empirical results, however, and for a variety of reasons give only a limited picture of the relationship between changes in the distribution of schooling and changes in the distribution of earnings over time.…”