School environmental contamination of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus as an independent risk factor for nasal colonization in schoolchildren: An observational, cross-sectional study

Abstract

ObjectiveWe aim to assess the similarities of proportional, phenotypic, and molecular characteristics between the school environment and schoolchildren on methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2016 and August 2016 in eight elementary schools in Guangzhou, China. Nasal swabs from students and environmental swabs from school environments were collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses under a multistage stratified cluster cross-sectional survey design were performed to access the prevalence relationship and influencing factors, respectively. Phenotypic and molecular characterizations of MSSA isolates were conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and polymerase chain reaction assays, respectively.ResultsIn total, 1705 schoolchildren and 1240 environmental samples from 40 classes in eight elementary schools obtained between March and August 2016 were include in this study. The rates of MSSA prevalence among schoolchildren and the environment were 11.44% (195/1705) and 4.60% (57/1240), respectively. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) on the prevalence of MSSA isolates were 1.11 (95% CI, 1.05–1.29; P = 0.010) and 1.04 (95% CI, 1.01–1.07; P = 0.003) for the school or class environment and students, respectively. Similar phenotypic and molecular characteristics were identified between schoolchildren and the environment. A cause and effect relationship could not be established because the study design was cross-sectional.ConclusionsBecause of the cross-sectional design, we can reveal the association between school environment and schoolchildren on MSSA, but it is not a cause and effect relationship.

Molecular Characterization, Virulence Determinants, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Methicillin-Resistant <b><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i></b> in the North of Iran; a High Prevalence of ST239-SCC<b><i>mec</i></b> III/t037 Clone

“…All MRSA isolates were screened for drug resistance genes; ermA, ermB, ermC, lnuA, fusB, fusC, mphA, mphC, mupA, cat, aacA-aphD, aadC, aphA3, tetK, tetM, tetL , vanA, vanB, and cfr [15, 22-25]. Detection of 17 virulence genes, including sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, sep, eta, etb, hla, hld, hlg, tsst, pvl, clfA, and clfB in 97 S. aureus isolates was performed as previously described [3, 26, 27].…”