School-based gardening, cooking and nutrition intervention increased vegetable intake but did not reduce BMI: Texas sprouts - a cluster randomized controlled trial

Davis, Jaimie N.; Pérez, Adriana; Asigbee, Fiona M.; Landry, Matthew J.; Vandyousefi, Sarvenaz; Ghaddar, Reem; Hoover, Adam; Jeans, Matthew; Nikah, Katie; Fischer, Brian; Pont, Stephen J.; Richards, Daphne; Hoelscher, Deanna M.; Berg, Alexandra van den

doi:10.1186/s12966-021-01087-x

Cited by 68 publications

(114 citation statements)

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“…The outcomes, such as children’s knowledge of fruits and vegetables, intake preference, and intake motivation, could not accurately measure the changes of children’s FVs. Therefore, some researchers use a 24 h food diary (CADET) or Block Kids food filter to measure the changes of FVs in portions [ 23 , 25 , 26 , 47 , 53 ]. Among them, Christian’s [ 23 ] and Davis’ [ 53 ] studies had the most significant effects and showed an increase in the children’s FVs by about 1.4 and 0.8 portions through 72 weeks and 36 weeks of SGA and other interventions, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, some researchers use a 24 h food diary (CADET) or Block Kids food filter to measure the changes of FVs in portions [ 23 , 25 , 26 , 47 , 53 ]. Among them, Christian’s [ 23 ] and Davis’ [ 53 ] studies had the most significant effects and showed an increase in the children’s FVs by about 1.4 and 0.8 portions through 72 weeks and 36 weeks of SGA and other interventions, respectively. While in Morgan’s [ 26 ] and Hanbazaza’s [ 47 ] studies, after 10 and 72 weeks of SGA, the FVs increased only by 0.2 and 0.4 portions, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parents not only participated in part of the curriculum of the SGA, but were also supervising their children to fill in the CADET, which improved the results helpfully. Professional gardening experts were used in Davis’ [ 53 ] study as interveners who conducted SGA for children with cooking activities and nutrition education as auxiliary means, which effectively enhanced children’s FVs. The short intervention time of Morgan’s [ 26 ] and Ratcliffe’s [ 25 ] studies may have affected the outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The meta-analysis of anthropometric outcomes related to obesity showed that the BMI, BMI z-score, and WC were all reduced to varying degrees after the intervention. A recent study [ 53 ] with an expanded sample size and more rigorous statistics found that SGA had no obvious effect on the three outcomes. Therefore, we concluded that overall results indicated that SGA had no significant effect on improving children’s obesity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the decrease in BMI and WC after intervention in some studies [ 22 , 27 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 52 , 60 ] indicated that SGA has a positive effect on the prevention and improvement of some chronic diseases in children, even if the improvement effect is limited. Among them, five studies [ 22 , 27 , 48 , 50 , 53 ] added cooking intervention into SGA, namely cooking demonstrations and having children cook vegetables and fruits planted by themselves. The results showed that compared with the outcomes of those only intervened by SGA, the BMI and WC outcomes of those intervened by both cooking intervention and SGA reduced more significantly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is School Gardening Combined with Physical Activity Intervention Effective for Improving Childhood Obesity? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Hamzah

et al. 2021

Nutrients

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School gardening activities (SGA) combined with physical activities (PA) may improve childhood dietary intake and prevent overweight and obesity. This study aims to evaluate the effect of SGA combined with PA on children’s dietary intake and anthropometric outcomes. We searched studies containing randomized controlled trials up to January 2021 in Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and the EBSCO database on this topic for children aged 7 to 12 years. Fourteen studies met the requirements for meta-analysis (n = 9187). We found that SGA has no obvious effect on improving children’s BMI (WMD = −0.49; p = 0.085; I2 = 86.3%), BMI z-score (WMD = −0.12; p = 0.235; I2 = 63.0%), and WC (WMD = −0.98; p = 0.05; I2 = 72.9%). SGA can effectively improve children’s FVs (WMD = 0.59, p = 0.003, I2 = 95.3%). SGA combined with PA can significantly increase children’s FVs but cannot greatly improve weight status. Although more studies on this topic are needed to prove the effectiveness of this method, the results of our review show that both SGA and SGA combined with PA has a modest but positive impact of reducing BMI and WC outcomes but can significantly increase children’s FVs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is School Gardening Combined with Physical Activity Intervention Effective for Improving Childhood Obesity? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Hamzah

et al. 2021

Nutrients

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Effects of a School-Based Nutrition, Gardening, and Cooking Intervention on Metabolic Parameters in High-risk Youth

et al. 2023

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ImportanceAlthough school-based gardening programs for children have consistently been shown to improve dietary behaviors, no cluster randomized clinical trial (RCT) has evaluated the effects of a school-based gardening intervention on metabolic outcomes.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of a school-based gardening, nutrition, and cooking intervention (Texas Sprouts) on changes in metabolic outcomes in elementary schoolchildren.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis study was a secondary analysis of a cluster RCT, conducted over 3 years from 2016 to 2019, at low-income elementary schools with majority Hispanic students in the greater Austin, Texas, area. Data were analyzed from January to August 2022.InterventionsTexas Sprouts was 1 school year long (9 months) and consisted of (1) Garden Leadership Committee formation; (2) a 0.25-acre outdoor teaching garden; (3) 18 student gardening, nutrition, and cooking lessons taught by trained educators throughout the school year; and (4) 9 monthly parent lessons. The delayed intervention was implemented the following academic year and received an identical intervention.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe following measures were obtained at baseline and postintervention (9 months): demographics via survey; measured height, weight, and body mass index parameters; and glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, and a lipid panel via an optional fasting blood draw.ResultsSixteen elementary schools were randomly assigned to either Texas Sprouts intervention (8 schools) or to delayed intervention (control, 8 schools). A total of 3302 children (aged 7-12 years) were enrolled in Texas Sprouts, and fasting blood samples were obtained from 1104 children (or 33% of those enrolled) at baseline. The final analytic sample included 695 children (307 boys [44.17%]; mean [SE] age, 9.28 [0.04] years; 480 Hispanic children [69.02%]; 452 [65.03%] eligible for free or reduced lunch) with complete demographic data and baseline and postintervention (9-month) fasting blood draws. Compared with control schools, children from Texas Sprouts schools had a 0.02% reduction in mean hemoglobin A1c (95% CI, 0.03%-0.14%; P = .005) and a 6.40 mg/dL reduction in mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (95% CI, 3.82-8.97 mg/dL; P = .048). There were no intervention effects on glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, or other lipid parameters.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cluster RCT, Texas Sprouts improved glucose control and reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in high-risk youth. These findings suggest that elementary schools should incorporate garden-based interventions as a way to improve metabolic parameters in children.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02668744

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Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 5 to 11 years old

Spiga,

Davies,

Tomlinson

et al. 2024

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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Background Prevention of obesity in children is an international public health priority given the prevalence of the condition (and its significant impact on health, development and well‐being). Interventions that aim to prevent obesity involve behavioural change strategies that promote healthy eating or 'activity' levels (physical activity, sedentary behaviour and/or sleep) or both, and work by reducing energy intake and/or increasing energy expenditure, respectively. There is uncertainty over which approaches are more effective and numerous new studies have been published over the last five years, since the previous version of this Cochrane review. Objectives To assess the effects of interventions that aim to prevent obesity in children by modifying dietary intake or ‘activity’ levels, or a combination of both, on changes in BMI, zBMI score and serious adverse events. Search methods We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was February 2023. Selection criteria Randomised controlled trials in children (mean age 5 years and above but less than 12 years), comparing diet or 'activity' interventions (or both) to prevent obesity with no intervention, usual care, or with another eligible intervention, in any setting. Studies had to measure outcomes at a minimum of 12 weeks post baseline. We excluded interventions designed primarily to improve sporting performance. Data collection and analysis We used standard Cochrane methods. Our outcomes were body mass index (BMI), zBMI score and serious adverse events, assessed at short‐ (12 weeks to < 9 months from baseline), medium‐ (9 months to < 15 months) and long‐term (≥ 15 months) follow‐up. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome. Main results This review includes 172 studies (189,707 participants); 149 studies (160,267 participants) were included in meta‐analyses. One hundred forty‐six studies were based in high‐income countries. The main setting for intervention delivery was schools (111 studies), followed by the community (15 studies), the home (eight studies) and a clinical setting (seven studies); one intervention was conducted by telehealth and 31 studies were conducted in more than one setting. Eighty‐six interventions were implemented for less than nine months; the shortest was conducted over one visit and the longest over four years. Non‐industry funding was declared by 132 studies; 24 studies were funded in part or wholly by industry. Dietary interventions versus control Dietary interventions, compared with control, may have little to no effect on BMI at short‐term follow‐up (mean difference (MD) 0, 95% confidence interval (CI) ‐0.10 to 0.10; 5 studies, 2107 participants; low‐certainty evidence) and at medium‐term follow‐up (MD ‐0.01, 95% CI ‐0.15 to 0.12; 9 studies, 6815 participants; low‐cer...

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School-based gardening, cooking and nutrition intervention increased vegetable intake but did not reduce BMI: Texas sprouts - a cluster randomized controlled trial

Cited by 68 publications

References 69 publications

Is School Gardening Combined with Physical Activity Intervention Effective for Improving Childhood Obesity? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Is School Gardening Combined with Physical Activity Intervention Effective for Improving Childhood Obesity? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Effects of a School-Based Nutrition, Gardening, and Cooking Intervention on Metabolic Parameters in High-risk Youth

Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 5 to 11 years old

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