Schmallenberg Virus Infection among Red Deer, France, 2010–2012

Laloy, Eve; Bréard, Emmanuel; Sailleau, Corinne; Viarouge, Cyril; Desprat, Alexandra; Zientara, Stéphan; Klein, François; Hars, Jean; Rossi, Sophie

doi:10.3201/eid2001.130411

Cited by 29 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…A similar situation was observed by Laloy et al. () in blood samples from deer, and by Wernike et al. () in samples from an investigation with prototype vaccines.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Natural Immunity of Sheep and Lambs Against the Schmallenberg Virus Infection

Rodríguez-Prieto

Kukielka

Mouriño³

et al. 2014

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Since the first reports of the Schmallenberg disease (SBD) outbreaks in late 2011, the disease has spread across Europe, affecting cattle and sheep farms. While Schmallenberg virus (SBV) causes a mild clinical disease in adults, infection of pregnant females may lead to the production of typical congenital malformations (CMFs) in their offspring. It is speculated that the immunity acquired after a SBV infection is effective in preventing further infections. However, this has not been proven in naturally infected sheep, especially if they are pregnant when reinfected. The aim of this study was to monitor the natural immunity in SBV-infected sheep. Twenty-four ewes from the only Spanish farm with a SBV OIE-notified outbreak were sampled. Subsequently, nine pregnant ewes were inoculated with SBV infectious plasma under controlled conditions. Six of them were euthanized before delivery, and their fetuses were inspected for lesions indicative for the SBV infection. The three remaining ewes were allowed to deliver one lamb each. Inoculation of the lambs was scheduled at approx. 3 months after birth. All samples were analyzed for viral RNA by RT-PCR, and for antibodies by an indirect ELISA and a virus neutralization test (VNT). The majority of the 24 ewes showed a serological reaction against SBV. The three ewes that were allowed to lamb down demonstrated variable degrees of seroconversion which corresponded to the levels of immune reaction observed in their lambs. Moreover, no viral RNA was detected, no lesions were observed in the fetuses, and no clinical signs were detected in the inoculated animals. These findings suggest that the immunity acquired by sheep following a natural SBV infection could be sufficient to stop SBV reinfection. However, vaccination could be a valuable tool to control SBV infections and associated economic losses as it affords a more uniform and predictable protection at the flock/herd level.

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“…A similar situation was observed by Laloy et al. () in blood samples from deer, and by Wernike et al. () in samples from an investigation with prototype vaccines.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Natural Immunity of Sheep and Lambs Against the Schmallenberg Virus Infection

Rodríguez-Prieto

Kukielka

Mouriño³

et al. 2014

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…The southern records of SBV in 2011 (October–December) in wildlife in France are two positive cervids found in Hautes‐Pyrénées and Haute‐Garonne departments (Laloy et al., ; Rossi et al., ). Interestingly, the two sites are far from the departments with high seroprevalence detected in livestock the same year.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Investigation of SBV presence in Culicoides samples from these areas could assess this hypothesis. It also might be explained by untracked movements of wild ruminants from known circulation areas to this zone (Laloy et al., ; Rossi et al., ), or by animal trade movements which were not regulated during SBV epizootics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The detection of stillbirths and congenital malformations was recorded rapidly after the first virus notification in northern Europe (the Netherlands [8 December 2011], Belgium [22 December 2011], France [25 January 2012]) (De Regge et al., ; Gache et al., ; Veldhuis et al., ; Zanella et al., ) and with a short delay in southern Europe (Italy [6 February 2012], Spain [March 2012]) (Balseiro, Royo, Gomez Antona, & Garcia Marin, ; Monaco et al., ). Retrospective studies conducted in several European countries showed (i) the detection of SBV‐specific antibodies in domestic and wild ruminants starting autumn 2011 in a large area covering Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Germany, southern Sweden, with a high level of seroprevalence observed in domestic ruminants (Chenais et al., ; Laloy et al., ; Linden et al., ; Meroc et al., , ; Mouchantat et al., ; Rossi et al., ; Veldhuis et al., ; Wernike, Jost et al ., ; Wernike, Silaghi et al ., ; Zanella et al., ); (ii) the detection of SBV‐specific antibodies in wildlife animals in December 2011 shortly after the first notified case and rapidly very far from the detection point: in the south‐western part of France (Hautes‐Pyrénées department) from wildlife animal sera in December 2011 (Laloy et al., ; Rossi et al., ); (iii) the detection of virus circulation in Culicoides populations starting August 2011 in northern Europe with a probable date of virus introduction in Belgium estimated early to mid‐July 2011 (De Regge et al., , ) (see Data S1 and S2). Altogether, these findings evidence a rapid spread in Europe during the first vector activity period and an extensive circulation of the virus between hosts and vectors populations right after the SBV emergence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Altogether, these findings evidence a rapid spread in Europe during the first vector activity period and an extensive circulation of the virus between hosts and vectors populations right after the SBV emergence. The virus has been detected throughout Europe, from Sweden and Poland to Portugal, Turkey and Greece (Azkur et al., ; Chaintoutis et al., ; Chenais et al., ; Esteves et al., ; Kaba, Czopowicz, & Witkowski, ) in both domestic and wild ruminants (Chiari et al., ; Fernandez‐Aguilar et al., ; Laloy et al., ; Larska, Krzysiak, Smreczak, Polak, & Zmudzinski, ; Larska, Polak et al., ; Larska, Krzysiak, Kesik‐Maliszewska, & Rola, ; Linden et al., ; Mouchantat et al., ; Rossi et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Schmallenberg virus in Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) populations in France during 2011-2012 outbreak

Ségard

Gardès

Jacquier

et al. 2017

Transbound Emerg Dis

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SummaryFollowing the emergence of the Schmallenberg virus (SBV) in 2011 in Germany and its rapid spread in Europe, Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) collected through the French surveillance network were analysed in order to record the presence of virus genome into species diversity collected, to assess the minimum infectious rates of virus arrival in the studied areas. Moreover, our study also showed that virus circulation could be locally intense with infection rate (IR) reaching up to 16% for C. obsoletus/C. scoticus in July 2012 in one site of western France. This retrospective study demonstrates the importance of large-scale analysis to describe the spatio-temporal dynamics of virus circulation. K E Y W O R D SCulicoides, France, infection rate, Schmallenberg virus, vector species *Gard es and Garros equally contributed to this study.

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S chmallenberg Virus

Doceul

Gouzil

Vitour

et al. 2015

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Schmallenberg virus (SBV) emerged in Northern Europe during summer 2011 and then caused a large epidemic in Europe. It is a negative‐sense single‐stranded RNA virus belonging to the Bunyaviridae family and the Orthobunyavirus genus. SBV affects predominantly domestic and wild ruminants and is transmitted by multiple species of Culicoides biting midges. SBV infection is mainly asymptomatic in adult cattle, sheep and goats but can cause congenital malformations, stillbirths and premature births when infection of the dam occurs at a critical period of gestation. In response to the emergence of SBV, molecular and serological tests have been generated rapidly to diagnose and monitor the disease and a number of inactivated vaccines have been developed. Key Concepts Schmallenberg virus (SBV) emerged in Northern Europe in summer 2011. SBV belongs to the Bunyaviridae family and the Orthobunyavirus genus. The SBV genome is composed of three negative‐sense single‐stranded RNA segments. SBV is mainly asymptomatic in cattle, sheep and goats. SBV is associated with abortion and birth of malformed or stillborn animals. SBV is an arthropod‐borne virus transmitted by multiple species of Culicoides . Several inactivated vaccines are available.

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Schmallenberg Virus Infection among Red Deer, France, 2010–2012

Cited by 29 publications

References 9 publications

Natural Immunity of Sheep and Lambs Against the Schmallenberg Virus Infection

Natural Immunity of Sheep and Lambs Against the Schmallenberg Virus Infection

Schmallenberg virus in Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) populations in France during 2011-2012 outbreak

S chmallenberg Virus

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