Schizophrenia Following Pre-natal Exposure to Influenza Epidemics Between 1939 and 1960

Sham, Pak C.; O’Callaghan, Eadbhard; Takei, Noriyoshi; Murray, Graham; Hare, E. H.; Murray, Robin M.

doi:10.1192/bjp.160.4.461

Cited by 237 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…43 There is also strong evidence suggesting that nonheritable factors in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia are associated with abnormalities during prenatal development. Indeed, epidemiological data show increased incidence of schizophrenia in humans prenatally exposed to virus, 44 gestational complications or malnutrition. 45,46 In addition, postmortem studies have indicated that certain limbic or associative brain areas of schizophrenic subjects have decreased cell numbers and volume, 47,48 disorganized cytoarchitecture, and reduced content of certain microtubule-associated proteins.…”

Section: Animal Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

BDNF in schizophrenia, depression and corresponding animal models

2005

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Understanding the etiology and pathogenesis schizophrenia and depression is a major challenge facing psychiatry. One hypothesis is that these disorders are secondary to a malfunction of neurotrophic factors. Inappropriate neurotrophic support during brain development could lead to structural disorganisation in which neuronal networks are established in a nonoptimal manner. Inadequate neurotrophic support in adult individuals could ultimately be an underlying mechanism leading to decreased capacity of brain to adaptive changes and increased vulnerability to neurotoxic damage. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a mediator involved in neuronal survival and plasticity of dopaminergic, cholinergic, and serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, we summarize findings regarding altered BDNF in schizophrenia and depression and animal models, as well as the effects of antipsychotic and antidepressive treatments on the expression of BDNF. Molecular Psychiatry (2005) 10, 345-352.

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Section: Animal Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

BDNF in schizophrenia, depression and corresponding animal models

2005

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“…13 Quarter of birth affects only a small fraction of all women's schooling decisions, however, and previous researchers have raised concerns about its exogeneity. Bound, Jaeger and Baker (1995), for example, cite several studies which suggest that quarter of birth is correlated with individual characteristics such as schizophrenia and autism (Sham et. al., 1992;Gillberg, 1990) or work experience since these may be affected by educational attainment.…”

Section: Assortative Mating Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

War and Marriage: Assortative Mating and the World War II GI Bill

et al. 2015

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We exploit between-cohort variation in the probability of military service to investigate how World War II and the G.I. Bill altered the structure of marriage, and find that they had important spillover effects beyond their direct effect on men's educational attainment. Our analyses further motivate instruments to help identify the effect of men's education on spousal "quality." We find that the additional education received by returning veterans allowed them to "sort" into wives with comparably higher levels of education. This suggests an important mechanism by which socioeconomic status may be passed on to the next generation.

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“…A geneviral model of schizophrenia suggests that exposure to viruses initiates an immunological process that somehow disorganizes development of the fetal brain. 14,15 All three genes of the IL-1 gene complex (IL-1␣, IL-1␤, IL-1RA) are clustered on the long arm of human chromosome 2 in a region q13-q21. 16 The gene encoding IL-1RA has a variable number of tandem repeat polymorphisms in intron 2.…”

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confidence: 99%

Polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 gene complex in schizophrenia

1999

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Activation of the inflammatory response system has been related to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia by several recent studies. Schizophrenic patients have varied levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1,-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)␣ in their peripheral blood or cerebrospinal fluid. [1][2][3][4][5][6] These cytokines can modify the metabolism of neurotransmitters, influence neural development, and IL-1 has been implicated in acute, and, on the other hand, chronic neurodegeneration. were somewhat, but not significantly, higher in the schizophrenic patients as compared to the controls. These alleles are known to be located on the same haplotype. 10 The number of carriers of this haplotype was significantly higher in the schizophrenia patients (17/50 vs 81/400) than in the controls (P = 0.026, 2 ). The frequencies of this haplotype were 0.38 and 0.27, respectively (P = 0.0266, 2 ). The number of homozygotes of this haplotype was significantly higher in the schizophrenia patients (P = 0.0006, 2 ). These data suggest that the cytokine aberrations in schizophrenia are, at least partly, genetically determined.

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Schizophrenia Following Pre-natal Exposure to Influenza Epidemics Between 1939 and 1960

Cited by 237 publications

References 20 publications

BDNF in schizophrenia, depression and corresponding animal models

BDNF in schizophrenia, depression and corresponding animal models

War and Marriage: Assortative Mating and the World War II GI Bill

Polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 gene complex in schizophrenia

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