Schizophrenia after remission of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis

NMDAR autoantibodies in psychiatric disease - An immunopsychiatric continuum and potential predisposition for disease pathogenesis

“…1 ) or NMDAR encephalitis can predispose the conditions for developing a psychiatric disease ( Fig. 2 ) such as schizophrenia in mice [ 51 ] and humans [ 40 ]. In other words, the type of inflammation can culminate in an autoimmune condition if the inflammation is severe enough to prime the individuum for set point modulation resulting in a psychiatric disease ( Fig.…”

“…NMDAR antibodies might be relevant in inducing psychiatric behavior if they circulate over a long time period, as evident in animal studies. A recent report showed that schizophrenia occurred after an NMDARE [ 40 ], tempting us to postulate a relevant pathogenic role of encephalitis involving NMDAR antibodies in that patient's schizophrenia development. The NMDAR dysfunction induced by NMDAR autoantibodies might lower the threshold for psychosis, and the threshold for a schizophrenia might be overcome by a long-term lowered threshold for psychosis, thus predisposing for psychiatric disease ( Fig.…”

Multiple serum anti-glutamate receptor antibody levels in clozapine-treated/naïve patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia

“…Extensive research has demonstrated the involvement of NMDAR dysfunction in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, which is widely associated with psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment [ 38 ]. Besides, a case has been reported that a female patient who had schizophrenia after remission of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and NMDA receptor antibody was not detected in the episodes, which inferred that NMDA receptor antibody might induce a long-term dysfunction on NMDA receptor and reduce the threshold for the onset of schizophrenia [ 39 ]. In addition to NMDAR dysfunction, AMPAR dysfunction mentioned in this study has been associated with selective attention and memory impairment in schizophrenia [ 40 ].…”