Schistosome Dermatitis in the United States (Michigan)

Cort, William W.

doi:10.1001/jama.1928.02690400023010

Cited by 116 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Historically, cercarial dermatitis has been described as an immediate hypersensitivity or allergic reaction (3,9,15,19), but there are few recent histopathological reports to support this hypothesis. For the first time we present immunological data showing that cercarial dermatitis comprises immediate hypersensitivity, followed by a late phase inflammatory reaction, and we identify the parasites' death in the skin as the main causative agent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cercarial Dermatitis Caused by Bird Schistosomes Comprises Both Immediate and Late Phase Cutaneous Hypersensitivity Reactions

Kouřilová

Hogg

Kolářová

et al. 2004

The Journal of Immunology

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Avian schistosomes are the primary causative agent of cercarial dermatitis in humans, but despite its worldwide occurrence, little is known of the immune mechanism of this disease. Using a murine model, hosts were exposed to primary (1×) and multiple (4×) infections of Trichobilharzia regenti via the pinna. Penetration of larvae into the skin evoked immediate edema, thickening of the exposure site, and an influx of leukocytes, including neutrophils, macrophages, CD4+ lymphocytes, and mast cells. A large proportion of the latter were in the process of degranulating. After 1× infection, inflammation was accompanied by the release of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12p40. In contrast, in 4× reinfected animals the production of histamine, IL-4, and IL-10 was dramatically elevated within 1 h of infection. Analysis of Ag-stimulated lymphocytes from the skin-draining lymph nodes revealed that cells from 1× infected mice produced a mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine response, including abundant IFN-γ, whereas cells from 4× reinfected mice were Th2 polarized, dominated by IL-4 and IL-5. Serum Abs confirmed this polarization, with elevated levels of IgG1 and IgE after multiple infections. Infection with radiolabeled cercariae revealed that almost 90% of larvae remained in the skin, and the majority died within 8 days after infection, although parasites were cleared more rapidly in 4× reinfected mice. Our results are the first demonstration that cercarial dermatitis, caused by bird schistosomes, is characterized by an early type I hypersensitivity reaction and a late phase of cutaneous inflammation, both associated with a polarized Th2-type acquired immune response.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cercarial Dermatitis Caused by Bird Schistosomes Comprises Both Immediate and Late Phase Cutaneous Hypersensitivity Reactions

Kouřilová

Hogg

Kolářová

et al. 2004

The Journal of Immunology

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“…Schistosome cercariae were disclosed as the causative agent of cercarial dermatitis in the United States in 1928 (1). Since that time, numerous reports of cercarial dermatitis have been documented from different parts of the world.…”

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confidence: 99%

Avian Schistosomes and Outbreaks of Cercarial Dermatitis

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY Cercarial dermatitis (swimmer's itch) is a condition caused by infective larvae (cercariae) of a species-rich group of mammalian and avian schistosomes. Over the last decade, it has been reported in areas that previously had few or no cases of dermatitis and is thus considered an emerging disease. It is obvious that avian schistosomes are responsible for the majority of reported dermatitis outbreaks around the world, and thus they are the primary focus of this review. Although they infect humans, they do not mature and usually die in the skin. Experimental infections of avian schistosomes in mice show that in previously exposed hosts, there is a strong skin immune reaction that kills the schistosome. However, penetration of larvae into naive mice can result in temporary migration from the skin. This is of particular interest because the worms are able to migrate to different organs, for example, the lungs in the case of visceral schistosomes and the central nervous system in the case of nasal schistosomes. The risk of such migration and accompanying disorders needs to be clarified for humans and animals of interest (e.g., dogs). Herein we compiled the most comprehensive review of the diversity, immunology, and epidemiology of avian schistosomes causing cercarial dermatitis.

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“…This is mainly due to the fact that some bird schistosome species are causative agents of human cercarial dermatitis (swimmer's itch) -a hypersensitive skin reaction produced by cercarial penetration of the skin (Cort 1928). Occurrence of this disease might adversely affect tourism in some important recreational areas with associated economic losses.…”

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confidence: 99%

Bird schistosomes of wildfowl in the Czech Republic and Poland

Rudolfová¹,

Littlewood²,

Sitko³

et al. 2007

FOLIA PARASIT

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Abstract. In 2005, we dissected 102 wildfowl from the Czech Republic and 73 wildfowl from Poland including representatives of Anseriformes, Gruiformes and Gaviiformes. Schistosome infection was found in a total of 21 (29%) and 23 (23%) birds from Poland and the Czech Republic, respectively. All infected birds belonged to the order Anseriformes. The prevalences of nasal and visceral species were, respectively, 22% and 16% in Poland and 6% and 19% in the Czech Republic. Four species of schistosomes were found: Bilharziella polonica Kowalewski, 1895, Trichobilharzia regenti Horák, Kolářová et Dvořák, 1998, T. szidati Neuhaus, 1952, and an undetermined schistosome from the intestinal wall of Anas penelope L. The finding of T. szidati represents the first record of the parasite from natural final host since the species description.

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Schistosome Dermatitis in the United States (Michigan)

Cited by 116 publications

References 4 publications

Cercarial Dermatitis Caused by Bird Schistosomes Comprises Both Immediate and Late Phase Cutaneous Hypersensitivity Reactions

Cercarial Dermatitis Caused by Bird Schistosomes Comprises Both Immediate and Late Phase Cutaneous Hypersensitivity Reactions

Avian Schistosomes and Outbreaks of Cercarial Dermatitis

Bird schistosomes of wildfowl in the Czech Republic and Poland

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