Schistosoma mansoni: In vitro and In vivo Excretion of CAA and CCA by Developing Schistosomula and Adult Worms

Dam, Govert J. van; Bogitsh, Burton J.; Zeyl, R. J. M. Van; Rotmans, J. P.; Deelder, André M.

doi:10.2307/3283780

Cited by 75 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…We presume that the CAA was the one that did not attach to the column, whereas the CCA was the polydispersed component of high positive charge, which required higher ionic strength to elute from the column. It has been suggested that these molecules may play a role in protecting the syncitial gastrodermis of the parasite gut against the deleterious action of proteolytic enzymes, antibodies and low pH (Nash 1974;Van Dam et al 1996;Deelder et al 1996). However, it is also probable that those highly positively charged carbohydrates play a buffering role in maintaining a low pH in the gut, necessary for enzymatic activities and/or other digestive and absorptive functions to take place.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Adult worms live in the porto-mesenteric veins, where they regurgitate their intestinal content every 3-4 h (Lawrence 1973). This "vomit" is a dark particulate material with undigested residues, haematin, parasite enzymes and other intestinal components (Bogitsh 1989;Van Dam et al 1996;Halton 1997). A certain number of these parasitic components plus membrane fragments from the tegument are probably circulating antigens (CAgs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preliminary characterization of an adult worm “vomit” preparation of Schistosoma mansoni and its potential use as antigen for diagnosis

2007

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Schistosoma mansoni is a parasitic trematode of the portal-mesenteric veins with a closed-end intestine. Adult worms regurgitate their intestinal content after digestion, together with constituents of the lining gut. Some of these molecules circulate in the blood and are antigenic. We obtain a "vomit" preparation and preliminary evaluate its biochemical composition and antigenic capacity. The "vomit" preparation was obtained after changes in temperature and solutions of incubation of adult worms between 4 and 37 degrees C. Supernatant was assayed for protein, carbohydrate concentration and enzymatic activities associated to the intestine and to the worm tegument. The antigenicity of the product was evaluated using Western blot (WB) analysis against sera of experimentally infected mice, before and after drug cure, sera from people infected with S. mansoni and from individuals infected with other parasitoses. More carbohydrate than protein was detected in the preparations. Cysteine proteinase (CP), N-acetyl-beta-D: -glucosaminidase and alkaline phosphatase activities were detected. The latter enzyme activity is a marker of the tegument, suggesting that in spite of careful conditions used to avoid the presence of tegumental material, manipulation of the worms always resulted in the release of tegumental molecules. Cationic exchange chromatography was useful to separate various components of this "vomit" preparation, particularly enzymes responsible for CP activity. Two highly immunogenic and specific duplets were observed in the WB analysis, 31/32- and 38/40-kDa components, the former probably referring to the intestinal CPs Sm31/Sm32. None of the two duplets disappeared after successful chemotherapy during the time of evaluation in mice or humans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary characterization of an adult worm “vomit” preparation of Schistosoma mansoni and its potential use as antigen for diagnosis

2007

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“…CCA-and CAA-based tests can be used to evaluate active worm burdens as well as the therapeutic response (167)(168)(169)(170). Both antigens can be demonstrated in blood at around 3 weeks postinfection (168,171). CAA and CCA are also excreted in host urine and can be detected by use of different types of ELISA with serum and urine samples (172,173); similar sensitivities are generally obtained with the detection of CAA in serum and CCA in urine.…”

Section: Antigen Detectionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Advances in the Diagnosis of Human Schistosomiasis

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY Schistosomiasis is a major neglected tropical disease that afflicts more than 240 million people, including many children and young adults, in the tropics and subtropics. The disease is characterized by chronic infections with significant residual morbidity and is of considerable public health importance, with substantial socioeconomic impacts on impoverished communities. Morbidity reduction and eventual elimination through integrated intervention measures are the focuses of current schistosomiasis control programs. Precise diagnosis of schistosome infections, in both mammalian and snail intermediate hosts, will play a pivotal role in achieving these goals. Nevertheless, despite extensive efforts over several decades, the search for sensitive and specific diagnostics for schistosomiasis is ongoing. Here we review the area, paying attention to earlier approaches but emphasizing recent developments in the search for new diagnostics for schistosomiasis with practical applications in the research laboratory, the clinic, and the field. Careful and rigorous validation of these assays and their cost-effectiveness will be needed, however, prior to their adoption in support of policy decisions for national public health programs aimed at the control and elimination of schistosomiasis.

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“…The antigen becomes detectable in serum approximately 5 weeks after infection. 40 CAA levels fall rapidly posttreatment, with a serum half-life of 2 days, 24 and they rise with reinfection. 41 The test is, therefore, highly time-specific for active schistosome infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Schistosomiasis and HIV Infection in Tanzania

Downs

Dam²,

Changalucha³

et al. 2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

100

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Abstract. Animal and human studies suggest that Schistosoma mansoni infection may increase risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition. Therefore, we tested 345 reproductive age women in rural Tanzanian villages near Lake Victoria, where S. mansoni is hyperendemic, for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and schistosomiasis by circulating anodic antigen (CAA) serum assay. Over one-half (54%) had an active schistosome infection; 6% were HIVseropositive. By univariate analysis, only schistosome infection predicted HIV infection (odds ratio [OR] = 3.9, 95% confidence interval = [1.3-12.0], P = 0.015) and remained significant using multivariate analysis to control for age, STIs, and distance from the lake (OR = 6.2 [1.7-22.9], P = 0.006). HIV prevalence was higher among women with more intense schistosome infections (P = 0.005), and the median schistosome intensity was higher in HIV-infected than -uninfected women (400 versus 15 pg CAA/mL, P = 0.01). This finding suggests that S. mansoni infection may be a modifiable HIV risk factor that places millions of people worldwide at increased risk of HIV acquisition.

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Schistosoma mansoni: In vitro and In vivo Excretion of CAA and CCA by Developing Schistosomula and Adult Worms

Cited by 75 publications

References 47 publications

Preliminary characterization of an adult worm “vomit” preparation of Schistosoma mansoni and its potential use as antigen for diagnosis

Preliminary characterization of an adult worm “vomit” preparation of Schistosoma mansoni and its potential use as antigen for diagnosis

Advances in the Diagnosis of Human Schistosomiasis

Association of Schistosomiasis and HIV Infection in Tanzania

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