Scheme for a quantum random number generator

Wang, P. X.; Long, Gui Lu; Li, Y. S.

doi:10.1063/1.2338830

Cited by 40 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Based on Born's postulate, several quantum random number generators employing beam splitters have recently been proposed and realized [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. In what follows a detailed analysis of bit strings of length 2 32 obtained by two such quantum random number generators will be presented.…”

Section: Tests Of Experimental Quantum Indeterminacymentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental evidence of quantum randomness incomputability

Calude¹,

Dinneen²,

Dumitrescu³

et al. 2010

Phys. Rev. A

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Section: Tests Of Experimental Quantum Indeterminacymentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental evidence of quantum randomness incomputability

Calude¹,

Dinneen²,

Dumitrescu³

et al. 2010

Phys. Rev. A

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“…Unfortunately, an efficient single-photon source which is essential for the beam splitter-based * Electronic address: yoonho@postech.ac.kr QRNG does not yet exist and the scheme, in practice, is implemented with attenuated optical pulses [1,2,3]. Thus, practical implementations of the beam splitterbased QRNG scheme do not properly realize the key elements for the QRNG.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum random number generator using photon-number path entanglement

2010

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We report a novel quantum random number generator based on the photon-number−path entangled state which is prepared via two-photon quantum interference at a beam splitter. The randomness in our scheme is of truly quantum mechanical origin as it comes from the projection measurement of the entangled two-photon state. The generated bit sequences satisfy the standard randomness test.PACS numbers: 03.67.Dd, 42.50.St, 42.50.Dv The need for generating random numbers arises in many scientific and engineering disciplines, in addition to obvious gaming industries. For instance, in quantum cryptography, the initial choices of the basis and the polarization state for the photon must be truly random for a secure system. Although mathematical algorithm may be used to obtain (pseudo-)random numbers which exhibit some statistical random behaviors, they are not truly random in the sense that the algorithmic method is deterministic in nature.Since randomness is inherent in quantum physics, a physical random number generator built upon a quantum mechanical process would offer true randomness. For example, consider a single-photon, |1 , entering a lossless 50/50 beam splitter via one of the two input ports. The state at the output ports of the beam splitter is easily calculated to be in quantum superposition, |ψ = (|1 t + |1 r )/ √ 2, where the subscripts t and r refer to the two output modes of the beam splitter. The singlephoton detectors placed at the output ports perform the projection measurement on the quantum state |ψ : when the t (r) detector clicks, we know that the quantum state has collapsed to |1 t (|1 r ). It is easy to see that each detector has 50% probability of registering the photon but, in the framework of quantum physics, it is not possible to predict which of the two detectors will click. Since the final outcome is non-deterministic and quantum mechanically random, this process may then be used to build a quantum random number generator (QRNG).The above discussion, hence, allows us to identify that the key elements that give rise to quantum mechanical randomness as the projection measurement and the quantum superposition state. In other words, quantum mechanical randomness arises from the projection measurement on a quantum superposition state.Obviously, the single-photon beam splitting scheme discussed above would make the ideal QRNG if properly implemented. Unfortunately, an efficient single-photon source which is essential for the beam splitter-based * Electronic address: yoonho@postech.ac.kr QRNG does not yet exist and the scheme, in practice, is implemented with attenuated optical pulses [1, 2, 3]. Thus, practical implementations of the beam splitterbased QRNG scheme do not properly realize the key elements for the QRNG.Recently, a number of alternative QRNG schemes have been reported in literature [4,5,6,7,8]. Some of these schemes make use of Poissonian statistics inherent in the photon emission and detection processes to extract random bit sequences [4,5,6]. The key elements of QRNG, i.e., projecti...

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“…Unfortunately, the approximation for F (X) is asymptotic (i.e., uniform everywhere except approaching zero and one), for which the fit is the worst in the tails, so obtaining an accurate significance level is difficult. 4 In any event, the tests were run on 100 sets of 3-Mbit sets of our final whitened data, and the resulting p-values were tested for uniformity, as shown in Table 4.2. The lowest p-value recorded was 0.019 and the highest was 0.98, which is consistent with the expected results of the suite.…”

Section: Nist and Diehard Test Suitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Common implementations are based on the interaction of photons with a beam-splitter [2,3,4], where a random bit is determined by which path a photon takes. More recently, it was realized that one can use the time between successive photons in a single path to generate randomness [5,6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photon arrival time quantum random number generation

Wayne

Jeffrey

Akselrod

et al. 2009

Journal of Modern Optics

111

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A quantum random number generator (QRNG) is one which relies on a physical process, extracting randomness from the inherent uncertainty in quantum mechanics. This is to be contrasted with current pseudo-random number generators (PRNG), which although useful, are in fact deterministic: they always yield the same output sequence given the same input seed. This is unacceptable for some applications, such as quantum cryptography, which promise unconditional security. Unfortunately, the rate of QRNGs is still too slow for practical commercial quantum key distribution systems (which presently run at speeds over 1 GHz).Previous QRNGs have been implemented, with the most common relying on the behavior of a photon at a beam-splitter, producing a random bit dependent on which of the two paths in which the photon is detected. However, these are totally limited by detector saturation rates, typically in the low MHz range. We previously proposed that by instead using the time interval between detections, much more random information could be extracted per detection event. Specifically, instead of only one bit per detection, in principle one could extract as many bits as the measurement time resolution would allow.Over the past two years, we have been exploring this approach and have constructed a functional QRNG operating at rates up to 130 Mbit/s. The random output has been tested and has passed all common cryptographic random number tests.ii

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Scheme for a quantum random number generator

Cited by 40 publications

References 24 publications

Experimental evidence of quantum randomness incomputability

Experimental evidence of quantum randomness incomputability

Quantum random number generator using photon-number path entanglement

Photon arrival time quantum random number generation

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