Scheduling of real-time embedded systems under reliability and power constraints

Assayad, Ismail; Girault, Alain; Kalla, Hamoudi

doi:10.1109/icocs.2012.6458565

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Assayad et al [78] have proposed a heuristic-based scheduling algorithm considering three criteria: a) minimizing the length of the schedule in real-time systems, b) maximizing the reliability in dependable systems, and c) minimizing energy in autonomous systems. Their proposed method maximizes reliability through active replication and employs DVS to reduce power consumption.…”

Section: B Replicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of Fault-Tolerance Techniques for Embedded Systems From the Perspective of Power, Energy, and Thermal Issues

et al. 2022

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The relentless technology scaling has provided a significant increase in processor performance, but on the other hand, it has led to adverse impacts on system reliability. In particular, technology scaling increases the processor susceptibility to radiation-induced transient faults. Moreover, technology scaling with the discontinuation of Dennard scaling increases the power densities, thereby temperatures, on the chip. High temperature, in turn, accelerates transistor aging mechanisms, which may ultimately lead to permanent faults on the chip. To assure a reliable system operation, despite these potential reliability concerns, fault-tolerance techniques have emerged. Specifically, fault-tolerance techniques employ some kind of redundancies to satisfy specific reliability requirements. However, the integration of fault-tolerance techniques into real-time embedded systems complicates preserving timing constraints. As a remedy, many task mapping/scheduling policies have been proposed to consider the integration of fault-tolerance techniques and enforce both timing and reliability guarantees for real-time embedded systems. More advanced techniques aim additionally at minimizing power and energy while at the same time satisfying timing and reliability constraints. Recently, some scheduling techniques have started to tackle a new challenge, which is the temperature increase induced by employing fault-tolerance techniques. These emerging techniques aim at satisfying temperature constraints besides timing and reliability constraints. This paper provides an in-depth survey of the emerging research efforts that exploit fault-tolerance techniques while considering timing, power/energy, and temperature from the real-time embedded systems' design perspective. In particular, the task mapping/scheduling policies for fault-tolerance real-time embedded systems are reviewed and classified according to their considered goals and constraints. Moreover, the employed fault-tolerance techniques, application models, and hardware models are considered as additional dimensions of the presented classification. Lastly, this survey gives deep insights into the main achievements and shortcomings of the existing approaches and highlights the most promising ones.INDEX TERMS Fault-tolerance, embedded systems, real-time computing, scheduling, power/energy minimization, thermal-aware design.

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Section: B Replicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of Fault-Tolerance Techniques for Embedded Systems From the Perspective of Power, Energy, and Thermal Issues

et al. 2022

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“…Authors in [9] proposed a scheduling heuristic to minimize the schedule length, the global system failure rate and the power consumption of the generated schedule. Active replication of tasks and data dependencies is used to increase the system reliability and dynamic voltage scaling DVS is used for energy minimization.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The energy model used in this work is the same to the one, used in the literature [1,6,9,22], where the power consumption P of a system is given by…”

Section: Energy Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Efficient Fault-Tolerant Scheduling Approach with Energy Minimization for Hard Real-Time Embedded Systems

Kada

Kalla

2019

Cybernetics and Information Technologies

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In this paper, we focus on two major problems in hard real-time embedded systems fault tolerance and energy minimization. Fault tolerance is achieved via both checkpointing technique and active replication strategy to tolerate multiple transient faults, whereas energy minimization is achieved by adapting Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling (DVFS) technique. First, we introduce an original fault-tolerance approach for hard real-time systems on multiprocessor platforms. Based on this approach, we then propose DVFS_FTS algorithm for energy-efficient fault-tolerant scheduling of precedence-constrained applications. DVFS_FTS is based on a list scheduling heuristics, it satisfies real-time constraints and minimizes energy consumption even in the presence of faults by exploring the multiprocessor architecture. Simulation results reveal that the proposed algorithm can save a significant amount of energy while preserving the required fault-tolerance of the system and outperforms other related approaches in energy savings.

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“…1). In this paper, we present our latest work on dependability of real-time embedded systems [3], [4], [5]. The approach that we propose is a scheduling algorithm based on data fragmentation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliable Fault-Tolerant Multi-bus Scheduling Algorithm

Arar¹,

Kalla²,

Kalla³

et al. 2013

IJCA

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In this paper, we propose a fault-tolerant scheduling real-time embedded system. This scheduling algorithm is dedicated to multi-bus heterogeneous architectures, which take as input a given system description and a given fault hypothesis. It is based on a data fragmentation and passive redundancy, which allow fast fault detection/retransmission and efficient use of buses. This scheduling approach consists of a list scheduling heuristic based on a Failure Rate Pressure. In order to maximize the reliability of the system, the scheduling of each fragmented data is depend on Failure Rate Pressure. Data fragmentation allows reliable communication and maximizes the reliability of the system. Finally, simulation results show the performance of our approach when using data fragmentation.

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Scheduling of real-time embedded systems under reliability and power constraints

Cited by 9 publications

References 10 publications

A Survey of Fault-Tolerance Techniques for Embedded Systems From the Perspective of Power, Energy, and Thermal Issues

A Survey of Fault-Tolerance Techniques for Embedded Systems From the Perspective of Power, Energy, and Thermal Issues

An Efficient Fault-Tolerant Scheduling Approach with Energy Minimization for Hard Real-Time Embedded Systems

Reliable Fault-Tolerant Multi-bus Scheduling Algorithm

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