Scenes Unseen: The Parahippocampal Cortex Intrinsically Subserves Contextual Associations, Not Scenes or Places Per Se

Bär, Markus; Aminoff, Elissa; Schacter, Daniel L.

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0987-08.2008

Cited by 226 publications

(196 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…A set of ROIs (PHC, RSC, and MPFC) that we had identified a priori based on activations of contextual association processing in previous studies (8,10,27) showed significantly greater activation for the SCA > WCA contrast in this experiment, replicating the previous studies (Fig. S1).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Moreover, the anatomical regions between which MEG phase locking was enhanced for the SCA vs. WCA objects are consistent with a host of fMRI studies exploring the neural substrates of contextual association processing (8,10,17,27,56). They also overlap substantially with the default mode network, as discussed in detail in Bar et al (68).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…In addition, PHC has been shown to play an important role in episodic memory (22)(23)(24)(25). These seemingly disparate roles of PHC can be reconciled if its core function is taken more globally as mediating contextual associations (8,10,26,27), with spatial contextual associations processed in the PPA and nonspatial contextual associations processed in an abutting, slightly anterior region of the PHC (8,10). In support of this view, studies have shown that the PHC response is modulated based on the degree of contextual information contained in single objects (8,17,27).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early onset of neural synchronization in the contextual associations network

Kveraga

Ghuman

Kassam

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

111

105

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Objects are more easily recognized in their typical context. However, is contextual information activated early enough to facilitate the perception of individual objects, or is contextual facilitation caused by postperceptual mechanisms? To elucidate this issue, we first need to study the temporal dynamics and neural interactions associated with contextual processing. Studies have shown that the contextual network consists of the parahippocampal, retrosplenial, and medial prefrontal cortices. We used functional MRI, magnetoencephalography, and phase synchrony analyses to compare the neural response to stimuli with strong or weak contextual associations. The context network was activated in functional MRI and preferentially synchronized in magnetoencephalography (MEG) for stimuli with strong contextual associations. Phase synchrony increased early (150-250 ms) only when it involved the parahippocampal cortex, whereas retrosplenial-medial prefrontal cortices synchrony was enhanced later (300-400 ms). These results describe the neural dynamics of context processing and suggest that context is activated early during object perception.phase locking | oscillations | beta | visual cognition W e know from experience that specific contexts are associated with specific objects. Seeing a jumbo-sized bucket of popcorn in a movie theater would not surprise anyone familiar with American movie theaters. However, at the opera, champagne and chocolate might be the more common sight. Whether and how context can facilitate visual recognition has been the subject of much research and vigorous debate. Behavioral research studying the effects of contextual information in visual perception has shown that information about context can facilitate recognition of visual scenes and objects (1-5). However, Hollingworth and Henderson (6) have argued that at least some of this contextual facilitation is attributable to a response bias and that any contextual influence may be the result of later postidentification processes rather than early activation of contextual information during recognition (6, 7). Here, we address the central question of when in the recognition process contextual information is activated by examining the temporal dynamics of neural regions involved in processing contextual information. Furthermore, we use this information regarding the temporal dynamics of the areas involved in contextual processing to help elucidate the functions of the individual members of the context network.In the past decade, neuroimaging studies using stimuli with strong and weak contextual associations have identified the components and basic properties of the network that mediates context-based associations; studies (8-

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early onset of neural synchronization in the contextual associations network

Kveraga

Ghuman

Kassam

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

111

105

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“…Hence, we take it to reflect continuing mismatch between the internal motor model's expectations and perception, which is increased if the original internal model was highly habituated. The parahippocampal cortex has been associated with topographical learning (Aguirre, Detre, Alsop, & D'Esposito, 1996), scene processing (Epstein & Kanwisher, 1998) and the association of scenes and locations with objects (Bar, Aminoff, & Schacter, 2008;Sommer, Rose, Gläscher, Wolbers, & Büchel, 2005).…”

Section: Solidity Exerts Prolonged Influencementioning

confidence: 99%

Neural changes when actions change: Adaptation of strong and weak expectations

Schiffer

Ahlheim

Ulrichs

et al. 2012

Human Brain Mapping

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Repeated experiences with an event create the expectation that subsequent events will expose an analog structure. These spontaneous expectations rely on an internal model of the event that results from learning. But what happens when events change? Do experience-based internal models get adapted instantaneously, or is model adaptation a function of the solidity of, i.e. familiarity with, the corresponding internal model? The present fMRI study investigated the effects of model solidity on model adaptation in an action observation paradigm. Subjects were made acquainted with a set of action movies that displayed an altered script when encountered again in the scanning session. We found model adaptation to result in an attenuation of the premotor-parietal network for action observation. Model solidity was found to modulate activation in the parahippocampal gyrus and the anterior cerebellar lobules, where increased solidity correlated with activity increase. Finally, the comparison between early and late stages of learning indicated an effect of model solidity on adaptation rate. This contrast revealed the involvement of a fronto-mesial network of Brodmann area 10 and the ACC in those states of learning that were signified by high model solidity, no matter if the memorized original or to the altered action model was the more solid component. Findings suggest that the revision of an internal model is dependent on its familiarity. Unwarranted adaptations, but also perseverations may thus be prevented.

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“…6C). Given the ubiquitous 648 involvement of this specific brain area in the processing of contextual information needed for 649 successful scene recognition (Bar and Aminoff, 2003;Bar et al, 2008;Kveraga et al, 2011), we 650 interpreted our new results as reflecting similar mechanisms. The linear trend found in this 651 region during accumulation of evidence prior to recognition (see also Schettino et al, 2011) is 652…”

Section: Emotion-dependent Monotonic Accumulation Of Perceptual Evidementioning

confidence: 82%

Multiple synergistic effects of emotion and memory on proactive processes leading to scene recognition

Schettino

Loeys

2013

NeuroImage

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21Visual scene recognition is a proactive process through which contextual cues and top-down 22 expectations facilitate the extraction of invariant features. Whether the emotional content of the 23 scenes exerts a reliable influence on these processes or not, however, remains an open question. 24Here, topographic ERP mapping analysis and a distributed source localization method were used 25 to characterize the electrophysiological correlates of proactive processes leading to scene 26 recognition, as well as the potential modulation of these processes by memory and emotion. On 27 each trial, the content of a complex neutral or emotional scene was progressively revealed, and 28 participants were asked to decide whether this scene had previously been encountered or not 29(delayed match-to-sample task). Behavioral results showed earlier recognition for old compared 30to new scenes, as well as delayed recognition for emotional vs. neutral scenes. 31Electrophysiological results revealed that, ~400 ms following stimulus onset, activity in ventral 32 object-selective regions increased linearly as a function of accumulation of perceptual evidence 33 prior to recognition of old scenes. The emotional content of the scenes had an early influence in 34 these areas. By comparison, at the same latency, the processing of new scenes was mostly 35 achieved by dorsal and medial frontal brain areas, including the anterior cingulate cortex and the 36 insula. In the latter region, emotion biased recognition at later stages, likely corresponding to 37 decision making processes. These findings suggest that emotion can operate at distinct and 38 multiple levels during proactive processes leading to scene recognition, depending on the extent 39 of prior encounter with these scenes. 40

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Scenes Unseen: The Parahippocampal Cortex Intrinsically Subserves Contextual Associations, Not Scenes or Places Per Se

Cited by 226 publications

References 45 publications

Early onset of neural synchronization in the contextual associations network

Early onset of neural synchronization in the contextual associations network

Neural changes when actions change: Adaptation of strong and weak expectations

Multiple synergistic effects of emotion and memory on proactive processes leading to scene recognition

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