Scene-dependent, feedforward eye gaze metrics can differentiate technical skill levels of trainees in laparoscopic surgery

Kulkarni, Chaitanya; Deng, Shiyu; Wang, Tianzi; Hartman-Kenzler, Jacob; Barnes, Laura E.; Parker, Sarah; Safford, Shawn D.; Lau, Nathan

doi:10.1007/s00464-022-09582-3

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Two studies involved both surgical training and assessment. 24,25 Three studies involved both technical and surgical assessment. [26][27][28] Studies that assessed eye-tracking across multiple domains were counted twice in Table 1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eye‐tracking in surgery: a systematic review

Bapna,

Valles,

Leng

et al. 2023

ANZ Journal of Surgery

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BackgroundSurgery is constantly evolving with the assistance of rapidly developing novel technology. Eye‐tracking devices provide opportunities to monitor the acquisition of surgical skills, gain insight into performance, and enhance surgical practice. The aim of this review was to consolidate the available evidence for the use of eye‐tracking in the surgical disciplines.MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. A search of OVID Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane library, Scopus, and Science Direct was conducted January 2000 until December 2022. Studies involving eye‐tracking in surgical training, assessment and technical innovation were included in the review. Non‐surgical procedures, animal studies, and studies not involving surgical participants were excluded from the review.ResultsThe search returned a total of 12 054 articles, 80 of which were included in the final analysis and review. Seventeen studies involved eye‐tracking in surgical training, 48 surgical assessment, and 20 were focussing on technical aspects of this technology. Twenty‐six different eye‐tracking devices were used in the included studies. Metrics such as the number of fixations, duration of fixations, dwell time, and cognitive workload were able to differentiate between novice and expert performance. Eight studies demonstrated the effectiveness of gaze‐training for improving surgical skill.ConclusionThe current literature shows a broad range of utility for a variety of eye‐tracking devices in surgery. There remains a lack of standardization for metric parameters and gaze analysis techniques. Further research is required to validate its use to establish reliability and create uniform practices.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research on eye‐tracking in surgery was subdivided into three major domains: training, assessment and technical evaluation (Table 1). Two studies involved both surgical training and assessment 24,25 . Three studies involved both technical and surgical assessment 26–28 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye‐tracking in surgery: a systematic review

Bapna,

Valles,

Leng

et al. 2023

ANZ Journal of Surgery

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“…Scene independent eye metrics were computed solely on raw data from the eye tracker. For scene dependent eye metrics, we employed computer vision to process videos of the activities inside the trainer box to track AOIs, such as moving objects and grasping tools, and then calculated fixation rates on these AOIs/locations (Kulkarni et al, 2023).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While numerous studies focused on scene independent eye metrics, other researchers have explored scene dependent eye metrics for skill assessment and development of training programs for psychomotor tasks (Kulkarni et al, 2023; Law et al, 2004; Mourant & Rockwell, 1972; Wilson et al, 2010; Xiong et al, 2016). By investigating eye metrics within the context of a specific task and visual environment, scene dependent eye metrics illustrate the level of attention on AOIs with respect to how the task is being performed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Laparoscopic Surgical Skills of Trainees with Scene Independent and Dependent Eye Gaze Metrics

Deng,

Oh,

Wang

et al. 2023

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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Eye metrics have been used to objectively evaluate proficiency levels in psychomotor tasks, including aviation, driving, sports, and surgery. Despite extensive research devoted to developing and utilizing eye metrics, the literature does not contain any explicit comparison between scene independent and dependent eye metrics for understanding skill acquisition or characterizing expertise. This study collected eye tracking data from medical students practicing the peg transfer task and computed both scene independent and dependent eye metrics to indicate proficiency. K-means clustering analysis on the eye metrics yielded three clusters corresponding to three proficiency levels which showed significantly different trial completion time. The box plots of the eye-gaze metrics illustrated different patterns of scene independent and dependent eye metrics with respect to proficiency levels, highlighting the need for further examination of these metrics for accurate and useful applications.

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