Scenarios for exposure of aquatic organisms to plant protection products in the Netherlands : Part 2: Sideways and upward spraying in Dutch fruit crops (interim report)

Boesten, J.J.T.I.; Adriaanse, P.I.; Holterman, H.J.; Horst, M.M.S. ter; Tiktak, A.; Zande, J.C. van der; Wipfler, Louise

doi:10.18174/432049

Cited by 5 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…The current report is limited to sideways and upward spraying in Dutch fruit orchards; however, with a few modifications described in this report, it can also be used for sideways and upward spraying in small fruit crops and hops. This report replaces the interim report on upward and sideways spraying (Boesten et al 2018). The methodology is intended for use in the Dutch authorisation of plant protection products.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Scenarios for exposure of aquatic organisms to plant protection products in the Netherlands : Part 2: Sideways and upward spraying in Dutch fruit crops (final report)

Boesten

Adriaanse

Holterman³

et al. 2021

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The current Dutch authorisation procedure for calculating the exposure of aquatic organisms to plant protection products needs to be revised. For this reason, Wageningen UR, RIVM and PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency were asked to develop a new exposure assessment methodology for various crops and application methods. This report describes the methodology for upward and sideways spraying in Dutch fruit crops. In contrast to the current procedure, the new procedure calculates the exposure concentration based on a statistical distribution of the exposure concentration in all relevant Dutch watercourses. The methodology results in a so-called 90 th percentile exposure concentration considering all watercourses alongside fields grown with fruit crops. The new methodology takes input of plant protection products by spray drift, drainage and atmospheric deposition into account. Agronomic practices in Dutch apple and pear orchards were considered representative for all (high) pome and stone fruit orchard crops in the Netherlands. An important part of the new methodology is the option to mitigate spray drift deposition by using drift-reducing technologies in a higher spray drift reducing class or by including a wider crop-free buffer zone.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Scenarios for exposure of aquatic organisms to plant protection products in the Netherlands : Part 2: Sideways and upward spraying in Dutch fruit crops (final report)

Boesten

Adriaanse

Holterman³

et al. 2021

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“…8% of a dose of 1 kg/ha). The vast majority of pesticides has a lower saturated vapour pressure than 10 mPa (Boesten et al, 2018). So this 8% does not seem to be a realistic value.…”

Section: Initial Distribution Of the Dosementioning

confidence: 97%

GEM model for soilless cultures: review of process descriptions and suggestions for improvement

Boesten

Wipfler

Os³

et al. 2019

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UK The GEM model developed for soilless cultures consists of different submodels (A) for applications to crops grown on mats by drip irrigation, (B) for spray applications to crops grown on such mats, and (C) is for spray applications to crops grown in pots in an ebb/flood system (GEM-A, GEM-B, and GEM-C). The descriptions of the processes for pesticide behaviour in these submodels were reviewed, considering also their consistency with measurements available in the literature. For GEM-A it is recommended to include sorption to the mats, the foil surrounding the mats and the irrigation pipes and to include partitioning between the water in the mats and the plant roots. For GEM-B it is recommended to include direct contamination of the substrate mats and the troughs resulting from spray and Low Volume Mister (LVM) applications. For GEM-B and GEM-C it is recommended (i) to revise the procedures for calculating the initial concentrations in the air and the condensation water, (ii) to include deposition onto the roof by spray and LVM applications, (iii) to revise the procedure for calculating the volatilisation rates from the plant surfaces. For GEM-C it is recommended (i) to omit the sorption equilibration between the bottom 10 cm of the soil in the pots and the water on the ebb/flood tables, (ii) to revise the procedure for the flux in the gas phase between the greenhouse air and the top layer of the soil in the pots, and (iii) to use a crop-specific value for the fraction of the surface area covered by the pots.

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“…Therefore, the responsible Dutch ministries requested the development of a state-of-the-art methodology to calculate the input of PPPs through spray drift, atmospheric deposition and drainage (Tiktak et al, 2012). This new methodology will become part of a new exposure scenario, which was developed for downward spraying (Tiktak et al, 2012) and is currently being developed for upward and sideways spraying (Boesten et al, 2018).…”

Section: Aim and Background Of The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21.8% and 11.7%; Figure 9). For the SPEXUS orchard spray drift model it was decided to vary spray drift deposition over the whole year based on the crop phenological development stage (BBCH) and day of the year (Holterman et al, 2017) and will be as such implemented in the exposure scenario for upward and sideways spray applications (Boesten et al, 2018 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 910101010101010101010101010101111111111 spray drift deposition [% sprayed volume] month-BBCH code…”

Section: Figure 13mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fruit tree canopy density is uniquely related to growth stage (through the phenological BBCH (2001) index). With this SPEXUS model it will be possible to shift from two periods of spray drift curves to a set of continuous spray drift curves throughout the year based on application date and phenological growth stages of the fruit crop in the authorisation procedure (Boesten et al, 2018). The SPEXUS spray drift model for fruit crop spraying opens the way to build a 90-percentile probabilistic exposure model for surface water for spraying PPP on all fruit crop fields in the Netherlands (Holterman et al, 2016c(Holterman et al, , 2019 application of PPP.…”

Section: New Orchard Spray Drift Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spray drift for the assessment of exposure of aquatic organisms to plant protection products in the Netherlands : Part 2: Sideways and upward sprayed fruit and tree crops

Zande¹,

Holterman²,

Huijsmans³

et al. 2019

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As part of the Dutch authorisation procedure for pesticides an assessment of the effects on aquatic organisms in surface water adjacent to agricultural fields is required. This in turn requires an exposure assessment for these surface waters. So far, in the current Dutch authorisation procedure spray drift is the only source of exposure. For this reason, a new exposure scenario was developed, which includes also input by drainage and atmospheric deposition. The endpoint of the exposure assessment is the 90th percentile of the annual maximum concentration in all field ditches alongside fruit and avenue nursery-tree fields. In this report, the state-of-the-art of the spray drift data is described for orchard spraying and avenue nursery-tree spraying. The methodology of using a matrix structure is discussed for the assessment of spray drift deposition combining classes of Drift Reducing Technology (DRT) and width of crop free zones for sideways and upward sprayed crops (fruit crops and avenue nursery-trees).

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Scenarios for exposure of aquatic organisms to plant protection products in the Netherlands : Part 2: Sideways and upward spraying in Dutch fruit crops (interim report)

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Scenarios for exposure of aquatic organisms to plant protection products in the Netherlands : Part 2: Sideways and upward spraying in Dutch fruit crops (final report)

Scenarios for exposure of aquatic organisms to plant protection products in the Netherlands : Part 2: Sideways and upward spraying in Dutch fruit crops (final report)

GEM model for soilless cultures: review of process descriptions and suggestions for improvement

Spray drift for the assessment of exposure of aquatic organisms to plant protection products in the Netherlands : Part 2: Sideways and upward sprayed fruit and tree crops

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