Scenario-based modelling of waves generated by sublacustrine explosive eruptions at Lake Taupō, New Zealand

Abstract

Abstract. Volcanogenic tsunami and wave hazard remains less understood than that of other tsunami sources. Volcanoes can generate waves in a multitude of ways, including subaqueous explosions. Recent events, including a highly explosive eruption at Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai and subsequent tsunami in January 2022, have reinforced the necessity to explore and quantify volcanic tsunami sources. We utilise a non-hydrostatic multilayer numerical method to simulate 20 scenarios of sublacustrine explosive eruptions under Lake Taupō, New Zealand, across five locations and four eruption sizes. Waves propagate around the entire lake within 15 min, and there is a minimum explosive size required to generate significant waves (positive amplitudes incident on foreshore of > 1 m) from the impulsive displacement of water from the eruption itself. This minimum size corresponds to a mass eruption rate of 5.8×107 kg s−1, or VEI 5 equivalent. Inundation is mapped across five built areas and becomes significant near shore when considering only the two largest sizes, above VEI 5, which preferentially impact areas of low-gradient slope. In addition, novel hydrographic output is produced showing the impact of incident waves on the Waikato River inlet draining the lake and is potentially useful for future structural impact analysis. Waves generated from these explosive source types are highly dispersive, resulting in hazard rapidly diminishing with distance from the source. With improved computational efficiency, a probabilistic study could be formulated and other, potentially more significant, volcanic source mechanisms should be investigated.

Probabilistic Landslide Tsunami Estimation in the Makassar Strait, Indonesia, Using Statistical Emulation

“…For the generation, propagation, and runup of the tsunami training events, we use the Basilisk framework, an open‐source Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) library specializing in spatially adaptive solutions. This library has been developed and used in a range of CFD applications, but specifically, the free‐surface solvers (including relatives such as Saint‐Venant and Boussinesq‐type schemes) have previously been used and validated for tsunami applications (Hayward et al., 2023; Hayward, Whittaker, Lane, Power, Popinet, & White, 2022; Lane et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2021; Popinet, 2015).…”