Scavenging of Peroxynitrite Reduces Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Abstract

These data support the finding that iNOS and peroxynitrite are involved in the renal I/R injury, and suggest that a scavenger of peroxynitrite might be more effective than iNOS inhibitors as a therapeutic intervention.

Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase prevents shock wave therapy induced renal injury

“…Under physiological conditions, the harmful effects of superoxide are prevented by SOD, which converts superoxide to H 2 O 2 ; then, GSH-Px converts H 2 O 2 to water. 29 However, during increased oxidative stress, these natural defenses may be activated by the excessive generation of ROS. Therefore, increased tissue antioxidant enzyme activities in the kidney subjected to SWT process in this study can be accepted as an indirect indicator of the excessive amounts of the free oxygen radical.…”

Comparison of the Efficacy of Melatonin and 1400W on Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: A Role for Inhibiting iNOS

“…Efficacy of treatment was assessed by tissue level of malondialdehyde (MDA) using the method of Ohkawa et al, protein carbonyl content (PCC) using the method of Levine et al, superoxide dismutase (SOD) using the method of Sun et al, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) using the method of Paglia and Valentine. [13,30,40] Nitrate and nitrite (NO x ) levels, end products of nitric oxide degradation, were measured using the method described by Miranda et al, as we described in our previous works. [13,30] …”

“…[13,30,40] Nitrate and nitrite (NO x ) levels, end products of nitric oxide degradation, were measured using the method described by Miranda et al, as we described in our previous works. [13,30] …”

“…[7,15] Various in vivo studies have shown that NO biosynthesis and its action are closely related to the pathogenesis of renal I/R injury. In addition, it has been shown that selective or non-selective iNOS inhibitors prevent I/R injury in skeletal muscle, myocardial infarction, brain, liver, and kidney tissues, [13,[16][17][18][19][20][21] and that iNOS-knockout mice show reduced I/R injury in the kidney. [20] Melatonin is mainly secreted from pineal gland and a variety of non-pineal tissues and organs, including the kidney.…”

“…Once iNOS is activated, because of NO's affinity for O ; as a result, high peroxynitrite (ONOO − ) levels are elevated. [5,13,14] Because NO derived from iNOS also has an important role in I/R process, it is crucial to determine whether NO or ONOO − exerted these effects. [7,15] Various in vivo studies have shown that NO biosynthesis and its action are closely related to the pathogenesis of renal I/R injury.…”