Scavenging Ducks and Transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, Java, Indonesia

Henning, Joerg; Wibawa, Hendra; Morton, John M.; Usman, Tri Bhakti; Junaidi, Akhmad; Meers, J.

doi:10.3201/eid1608.091540

Cited by 50 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, where chicken cases occurred they were detected at a higher frequency than in ducks. The increased proportion of live birds, particularly in ducks, being H5 virus positive in certain months coincided with an increase in the number of HPAI outbreaks (July and September 2007) on the same study farms that were reported previously [21]. This is indicative of an increase of live ducks shedding H5 virus during outbreaks.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

A molecular and antigenic survey of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus isolates from smallholder duck farms in Central Java, Indonesia during 2007-2008

Wibawa

Henning

Wong

et al. 2011

Virol J

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BackgroundIndonesia is one of the countries most severely affected by H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus in terms of poultry and human health. However, there is little information on the diversity of H5N1 viruses circulating in backyard farms, where chickens and ducks often intermingle. In this study, H5N1 virus infection occurring in 96 smallholder duck farms in central Java, Indonesia from 2007-2008 was investigated and the molecular and antigenic characteristics of H5N1 viruses isolated from these farms were analysed.ResultsAll 84 characterised viruses belonged to H5N1 clade 2.1 with three virus sublineages being identified: clade 2.1.1 (1), clade 2.1.3 (80), and IDN/6/05-like viruses (3) that did not belong to any of the present clades. All three clades were found in ducks, while only clade 2.1.3 was isolated from chickens. There were no significant amino acid mutations of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) sites of the viruses, including the receptor binding, glycosylation, antigenic and catalytic sites and NA inhibitor targets. All the viruses had polybasic amino acids at the HA cleavage site. No evidence of major antigenic variants was detected. Based on the HA gene, identical virus variants could be found on different farms across the study sites and multiple genetic variants could be isolated from HPAI outbreaks simultaneously or at different time points from single farms. HPAI virus was isolated from both ducks and chickens; however, the proportion of surviving duck cases was considerably higher than in chickens.ConclusionsThe 2.1.3 clade was the most common lineage found in this study. All the viruses had sequence characteristic of HPAI, but negligible variations in other recognized amino acids at the HA and NA proteins which determine virus phenotypes. Multiple genetic variants appeared to be circulating simultaneously within poultry communities. The high proportion of live duck cases compared to chickens over the study period suggests that ducks are more likely to survive infection and they may better suit the role of long-term maintenance host for H5N1. As some viruses were isolated from dead birds, there was no clear correlation between genetic variations and pathogenicity of these viruses.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

A molecular and antigenic survey of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus isolates from smallholder duck farms in Central Java, Indonesia during 2007-2008

Wibawa

Henning

Wong

et al. 2011

Virol J

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“…There is both observational and experimental evidence that a variety of domestic and wild avian species produce specific hemagglutination-inhibiting and neutralizing antibodies against HA, although opinion is divided as to their efficacy and duration, and there are some mechanistic reasons (such as the existence of truncated variants of IgY among ducks) that could prevent certain species from mounting an effective immune response (41)(42)(43). Nonetheless, AIV prevalence tends to decline with age whereas seroprevalence increases (9,(44)(45)(46), suggesting that some form of functional, long-term immunity is acquired upon exposure. We also present here an analysis of published data from a large, multiannual survey of influenza prevalence in wild birds in The Netherlands (47) showing that virus prevalence decreases with lifespan ( Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contact between bird species of different lifespans can promote the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza strains

Wikramaratna

Pybus

Gupta

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Significance The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses has received much attention due to the severe consequences of their occasional spread to humans, as well as the large toll they take on the poultry industry. Here we argue that the main barriers to the emergence of these viruses are imposed by immunity to related strains rather than the ability of the virus to acquire the necessary mutations. We show that, under these circumstances, patterns of influenza in different avian species are strongly dependent on their lifespan and that processes that alter the interactions between species of different lifespans—such as changes in farming practices—could promote the emergence of highly pathogenic types.

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“…Infected migratory waterfowl including various duck species, most prominently the Mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ) are suspected of contributing to the spread of H5N1 HPAI viruses from Asia to other parts of the world [8-10]. However, the penetration and circulation of H5N1 HPAI viruses in domestic duck populations is considered to be one of the major sources of infection with these viruses, thus perpetuating the enzootic cycle of H5N1 HPAI in several countries in free-range farmed, as well as backyard or village-reared domestic ducks [10-13]. Domestic ducks are often farmed in open fields, flooded rice paddies, or on ponds or other bodies of water, this farming approach allowing direct exposure to wild waterfowl and domestic ducks from multiple duck farmers, providing many mechanisms for introductions or spread of virus between farms [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of species, breed and route of virus inoculation on the pathogenicity of H5N1 highly pathogenic influenza (HPAI) viruses in domestic ducks

Pantin‐Jackwood

Swayne

Smith

et al. 2013

Vet Res

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H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses continue to be a threat to poultry in many regions of the world. Domestic ducks have been recognized as one of the primary factors in the spread of H5N1 HPAI. In this study we examined the pathogenicity of H5N1 HPAI viruses in different species and breeds of domestic ducks and the effect of route of virus inoculation on the outcome of infection. We determined that the pathogenicity of H5N1 HPAI viruses varies between the two common farmed duck species, with Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) presenting more severe disease than various breeds of Anas platyrhynchos var. domestica ducks including Pekin, Mallard-type, Black Runners, Rouen, and Khaki Campbell ducks. We also found that Pekin and Muscovy ducks inoculated with two H5N1 HPAI viruses of different virulence, given by any one of three routes (intranasal, intracloacal, or intraocular), became infected with the viruses. Regardless of the route of inoculation, the outcome of infection was similar for each species but depended on the virulence of the virus used. Muscovy ducks showed more severe clinical signs and higher mortality than the Pekin ducks. In conclusion, domestic ducks are susceptible to H5N1 HPAI virus infection by different routes of exposure, but the presentation of the disease varied by virus strain and duck species. This information helps support the planning and implementation of H5N1 HPAI surveillance and control measures in countries with large domestic duck populations.

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Scavenging Ducks and Transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, Java, Indonesia

Abstract: These ducks may be a source of infection for chickens and humans.

Cited by 50 publications

References 23 publications

A molecular and antigenic survey of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus isolates from smallholder duck farms in Central Java, Indonesia during 2007-2008

A molecular and antigenic survey of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus isolates from smallholder duck farms in Central Java, Indonesia during 2007-2008

Contact between bird species of different lifespans can promote the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza strains

Effect of species, breed and route of virus inoculation on the pathogenicity of H5N1 highly pathogenic influenza (HPAI) viruses in domestic ducks

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