Scattering of radio waves from the mesosphere—2. Evidence for intermittent mesospheric turbulence

Rocket measurements of mesospheric ionization irregularities

“…Hill and Bowhill ( 1976) by Rastogi and Bowhill (1976). The agreement of the measured spectra with the models of Hill and Bowhill (1976) and Rastogi and Bowhill (1976) Comparisons to a spectral model by Rill and Bowhill (1976) and to predictions of inertial range limits by Rastogi and Bowhill (1976) show further consistency with theory.…”

“…The power spectra of the irregularities are examined and various parameters of the irregularities and spectra are tabulated. Comparisons are made to the Bill and Bowhill (1976) scalar spectral model and to some spectral predictions by Rastogi and Bowhill (1976). between the current and the electron densit y , a calibration constant between the two may be obtained with a radio rTopagation experiment.…”

Radar cross sections for mesospheric echoes at Jicamarca

“…For the Jicamarca radar, turbulence theory has been applied first by Woodman and Guillen (1974), followed by Rastogi and Bowhill (1976). A comparison of RCS and in situ measured electron density fluctuations has been attempted by Røyrvik and Smith (1984).…”

“…We note that the two functions f (k, k 0 ) and f (k, k 0 , Sc) show a different spectral form for k > k 0 . A third form was used by Rastogi and Bowhill (1976), who included an intermediate range with k −7 from 0.169 k η to 0.738 k η followed by an exponential falloff (Tchen, 1973), and which is similar to the two forms considered here.…”

“…Reid, 1990), and 50-MHz radars are employed for Doppler wind measurements in the mesosphere, stratosphere, and troposphere (MST). While from the beginning of measurements at Jicamarca, scattering from turbulent structures was discussed as main mechanism for mesospheric echoes (Flock and Balsley, 1967;Woodman and Guillen, 1974;Rastogi and Bowhill, 1976), the discovery of very strong mesospheric summer echoes at VHF (Czechowsky et al, 1979;Ecklund and Balsley, 1981) and the study of aspect sensitivity at Jicamarca (Fukao et al, 1980;Kudeki, 1988) brought additional mechanisms into play, that help to explain the observed echo characteristics. For the very strong summer echoes, it is the extension and enhancement of the turbulent spectrum for electron fluctuations caused by reduced diffusivity and described by a large Schmidt number (Kelley et al, 1987).…”