Some aspects of the reproductive ecology of the rock catfish Silurus lithophilus (Siluriformes: Siluridae), a species endemic to the Lake Biwa system, were investigated from April to July in 1989-1994 observations were conducted at a rocky shoal, which was also a spawning ground of S. biwaensis, along the shore of the Seta River, the lake's outlet. Spawning of S. lithophilus occurred around midnight at shallow, rocky places on the shoal (5-70 cm in water depth) from early May to mid-July, starting earlier than S. biwaensis (mid-May to mid-July). Spawning tended to occur at low water temperatures irrespective of high-water events, unlike S. biwaensis, and in low densities (fewer than 8 fish per night) compared to S. biwaensis (1-45 fish per night). Although the rock catfish tended to appear and spawn at higher frequencies on nights when S. biwaensis spawned or appeared, it always avoided conflict with the latter species by spawning at sites far from those used by S. biwaensis or after S. biwaensis had left the vicinity. The survival of eggs of S. lithophilus might be favored by a strategy of diverting predator attention from them by synchronizing spawning nights with S. biwaensis.Key words Silurus lithophilus · Silurus biwaensis · Endemic species · Reproductive ecology · Rocky shoal this article, the features of the reproductive ecology of S. lithophilus are first analyzed on the basis of hydrographic variables and then discussed in relation to the appearance (including spawning) of S. biwaensis.
Study Area and MethodsStudy area.-Observations were made along a rocky shore just upstream of the Nango Araizeki Weir across the Seta River in Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture (34°56Ј N, 135°55Ј E), where studied the reproductive behavior of Silurus biwaensis. A single 4-5 m wide, nearly flat, rocky shoal, consisting of stones 30-50 cm in diameter, extends about 200 m along the river's east bank. The shoal is usually exposed but becomes submerged when the water level is high. The water level rises not only after rainfall in the Lake Biwa basin, but also whenever the Nango Araizeki Weir is closed, with no relation to rainfall. Water flow over the shoal and its outer slope is negligible or very slow, less than 5 cm/s, when the shoal is submerged.Investigations.-The extent of submergence of the flat, rocky shoal (%), the numbers of individuals of S. lithophilus and S. biwaensis that appeared there, the spawning activity of these two species, and the depth of water in which S. lithophilus spawned were recorded at the site on 150 nights (usually from 2200 to 0600) from April to July in 1989July in -1994 Observations were mainly carried out from the river bank using a flashlight, covering an area of about 1000 m 2 around the shoal. The proportion of the shoal area that was sub-
IchthyologicalResearch