Scanpaths in saccadic eye movements while viewing and recognizing patterns

Noton, David; Stark, Lawrence

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(71)90213-6

Cited by 467 publications

(314 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…External factors are image immanent features, such as local image contrast and local image structure, which transiently attract eye gaze, independent of a particular task. Internal factors, such as an individual's attentional state, expectation, experience and memory, are top-down and task-dependent (Noton and Stark 1971;Mannan et al 1997;Henderson 2003). It is argued that in general, the initial saccade to an image is driven predominantly by external factors (Parkhurst et al 2002;Peters et al 2005), but can also be biased by internal factors (Henderson 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initial fixation placement in face images is driven by top–down guidance

Guo

2007

Exp Brain Res

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The eyes are often inspected first and for longer period during face exploration. To examine whether this saliency of the eye region at the early stage of face inspection is attributed to its local structure properties or to the knowledge of its essence in facial communication, in this study we investigated the pattern of eye movements produced by rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) as they free viewed images of monkey faces.Eye positions were recorded accurately using implanted eye coils, while images of original faces, faces with scrambled eyes, and scrambled faces except for the eyes were presented on a computer screen. The eye region in the scrambled faces attracted the same proportion of viewing time and fixations as it did in the original faces, even the scrambled eyes attracted substantial proportion of viewing time and fixations. Furthermore, the monkeys often made the first saccade towards to the location of the eyes regardless of image content. Our results suggest that the initial fixation placement in faces is driven predominantly by 'top-down' or internal factors, such as the prior knowledge of the location of "eyes" within the context of a face.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initial fixation placement in face images is driven by top–down guidance

Guo

2007

Exp Brain Res

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“…This idea is also related to the comment that Wittgenstein himself makes in para. 212, where he says, in an idea that anticipates the scanpath hypothesis of Noton and Stark (1971):…”

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confidence: 99%

Science in the Making: Right Hand, Left Hand. II: The duck–rabbit figure

McManus

Freegard

Moore

et al. 2010

Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition

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“…However, Zelinsky, Rao, Hayhoe, and Ballard (1997) found fixations between objects as well and challenged this view. Since the pioneering work by Yarbus (1967), sequences of visual fixation, later called scan paths (Noton & Stark, 1971a, 1971b, have been generally accepted representations of the viewing behavior of observers. Using scan paths, researchers have demonstrated that schizophrenics (Phillips & David, 1997) and people with brain damage (Zihl & Hebel, 1997) exhibit viewing behavior different from that of normal, healthy people.…”

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confidence: 99%