Scanning tunnelling microscopy of solid C60/C70

Wragg, J. L.; Chamberlain, J.; White, H. W.; Krätschmer, Wolfgang; Huffman, Donald R.

doi:10.1038/348623a0

Cited by 167 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…STM observation of C 70 in air has already been reported, but leads to a poor resolution. [9] Surprisingly, no attempt has been made to observe C 70 by STM at a liquid/solid interface, a convenient technique which allows molecular self-assemblies to be prepared and observed in situ under ambient conditions and without contamination.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[6,7] Much less attention has been paid to C 70 overlayers, which present a greater variety of morphologies and related properties than C 60 because the molecular symmetry is lowered from I h to D h . However, STM investigations of C 70 overlayers have already been performed on Au, [8,9] Ag, [10] Cu, [11,12] Si, [13] and GaAs. [14] These studies have provided evidence of the existence of a local order with a twofold symmetry on polycrystalline substrates, [8] a close-packed hexagonal or quasi-hexagonal lattice on three-fold symmetry surfaces of noble metals.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Adsorption and Self‐Assembly of C₇₀ Molecules at the Au(111)/n‐Tetradecane Interface: A Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study

2004

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Over the last ten years, a number of nanoscale studies have been devoted to the organization and local properties of fullerene films deposited on metallic or semiconducting electrode surfaces.[1] Among various techniques, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has proven to be particularly powerful because it provides a direct imaging of fullerenes on a molecular scale. Fundamental STM studies of fullerene films, and in particular of C 60 films, [2±5] are motivated by the necessity to control their morphology in view of applications in quantumscale device fabrication. [6,7] Much less attention has been paid to C 70 overlayers, which present a greater variety of morphologies and related properties than C 60 because the molecular symmetry is lowered from I h to D h . However, STM investigations of C 70 overlayers have already been performed on Au, [8,9] Ag, [10] Cu, [11,12] Si, [13] and GaAs. [14] These studies have provided evidence of the existence of a local order with a twofold symmetry on polycrystalline substrates, [8] a close-packed hexagonal or quasi-hexagonal lattice on three-fold symmetry surfaces of noble metals. In most of these investigations, the C 70 overlayer was produced and studied in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) environment. STM observation of C 70 in air has already been reported, but leads to a poor resolution.[9] Surprisingly, no attempt has been made to observe C 70 by STM at a liquid/solid interface, a convenient technique which allows molecular self-assemblies to be prepared and observed in situ under ambient conditions and without contamination.[15±17]Finally, self-assembly at liquid±metal interfaces has been shown to improve self-organization on the molecular level. [18] In this communication, we report an STM study of C 70 submonolayers deposited at the n-tetradecane/Au(111) interface under ambient conditions. We compare the adsorption of C 70 with previous STM results that we obtained with C 60 [19] in the light of their geometric and electronic differences. Whereas C 60 is a strained carbon cage with a roughly spherical shape, C 70 presents a reduced symmetry and an ellipsoidal shape.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Adsorption and Self‐Assembly of C₇₀ Molecules at the Au(111)/n‐Tetradecane Interface: A Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study

2004

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“…An ideal representative is the spherically shaped and electron-accepting C 60 -fullerene. Solid-state properties of fullerenes have been intensively studied in the bulk [13][14][15][16] and when adsorbed on metallic [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] or semiconducting substrates. [24][25][26][27] However, only very recently have the first examples of mixed 2D monolayers combining C 60 -fullerenes and other organic systems, such as porphyrins, phthalocyanines, trimesic acid, or calixarenes, been reported.…”

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confidence: 99%

Complexation of C₆₀ on a Cyclothiophene Monolayer Template

2006

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The design and synthesis of molecules that form self-assembled monolayers on substrates is fairly well understood and developed. [1][2][3] Nevertheless, the controlled hierarchical construction of hybrid multilayers [4,5] comprising molecularscale (electronic) functionalities is a major challenge, and the first systems have been demonstrated only recently. [6,7] Here, we present the direct observation of self-assembled two-dimensional (2D) crystals of a novel class of organic semiconductors [8,9] on graphite by means of scanning tunneling mi- We have studied the long-range and short-range ordering of the conjugated macrocycle C[12]T (Scheme 1) [3,8] in self-assembled 2D crystals at the solution/highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) interface by means of in-situ STM. Physisorption occurs from a 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene solution onto the (001) face of HOPG. In Figure 1a, a representative STM image of the cyclothiophene monolayer is shown. Longrange order of closely packed macrocycles is typically found over areas larger than 1 lm. The intrinsic high symmetry of the macrocycles (C 6v ) (Scheme 1) is preserved in the C[12]T adsorbate. The hexagonal arrangement of the molecules provides a unit cell of the 2D crystal defined by the parameters a = 2.3 ± 0.05 nm, b = 2.3 ± 0.07 nm, and c = 119 ± 3°. Six rotational domains are expected due to the two possible enantiomorphic arrangements of the macrocycles for each of the three crystallographic axes of the underlying HOPG.[10] However, only three domains have been observed in our experiments, and only two of them persist after dynamical reorganization at the surface. This fact can be explained by the weak molecule-substrate interaction and by the minimization of the interfacial energy, and will be accurately described in a forthcoming paper. Moreover, in these STM images, submolecular resolution has been achieved; the conjugated p-system of the individual rings appear in bright color, corresponding to higher tunneling currents. The interior cavity and the insulating alkyl side chains give a lower tunneling current and appear darker in the images. This image contrast is well known from previous investigations on related semiconducting linear oligo-and polyalkylthiophenes. [10][11][12] The close packing of the macrocycles on the surface brings the ring-shaped p-systems together to distances as small as 0.4 nm. Semiempirical calculations on the macrocycles indicate that the energetically most-favorable geometry has an almost planar p-system with the alkyl side chains bent in the same direction, out of the thiophene plane (Fig. 1b, inset). The "spider-like" conformation of the macrocycle on the surface allows intermolecular interactions between the alkyl side chains of adjacent molecules. These van der Waals' forces are typically the driving force for the self-organization of alkylated conjugated systems.[10] The unit-cell parameters for a calculated closest packed monolayer (a = 2.28 nm, b = 2.28 nm, c = 120°) are in excellent agreement with the experimental data (vide infr...

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“…N 3 . The minimum energy structure corresponds to a linear and centered N 3 , which shows the same structure in charged and neutral systems, see Figure 3.…”

Section: Nn@c 70 Structures and Reaction Energiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequently, they were produced in measurable quantities for use in experiments [1][2][3]. Even though their study may have evolved accidentally, insufficient effort has been dedicated to understanding their structure, properties and applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactivity Indexes and Structure of Fullerenes

Jiménez¹,

Tenorio²,

AlejandroHernández-Velázquez³

et al. 2018

Fullerenes and Relative Materials - Properties and Applications

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The discovery of fullerenes and their production in measurable quantities launched many studies about their reactivity and possible applications. Their peculiar structure opened possibilities for their study, initially replacing carbon atoms with alternative atoms. The surface also offers the possibility of attaching several species and the interior of their hollow structure represents a challenge because of the possibility of confining elements or molecules that may become less stable when attached to the exterior of the cage. These modifications may considerably affect both chemical and physical properties. In this chapter, we propose the encapsulation of 3-10 nitrogen atoms as aggregates inside the C 70 cage. We also study the structures and reactivity indexes and the stabilization conferred as a result of being part of the fullerene. These aggregates are mainly of interest because of their possible application as energetic materials.

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Scanning tunnelling microscopy of solid C60/C70

Cited by 167 publications

References 8 publications

Adsorption and Self‐Assembly of C₇₀ Molecules at the Au(111)/n‐Tetradecane Interface: A Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study

Adsorption and Self‐Assembly of C₇₀ Molecules at the Au(111)/n‐Tetradecane Interface: A Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study

Complexation of C₆₀ on a Cyclothiophene Monolayer Template

Reactivity Indexes and Structure of Fullerenes

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Scanning tunnelling microscopy of solid C60/C70

Cited by 167 publications

References 8 publications

Adsorption and Self‐Assembly of C70 Molecules at the Au(111)/n‐Tetradecane Interface: A Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study

Adsorption and Self‐Assembly of C70 Molecules at the Au(111)/n‐Tetradecane Interface: A Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study

Complexation of C60 on a Cyclothiophene Monolayer Template

Reactivity Indexes and Structure of Fullerenes

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Adsorption and Self‐Assembly of C₇₀ Molecules at the Au(111)/n‐Tetradecane Interface: A Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study

Adsorption and Self‐Assembly of C₇₀ Molecules at the Au(111)/n‐Tetradecane Interface: A Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study

Complexation of C₆₀ on a Cyclothiophene Monolayer Template