Scanning Microfocus Small-Angle X-ray Scattering:  A New Tool To Investigate Defects at Polymer−Polymer Interfaces

Lorenz-Haas, C.; Müller‐Buschbaum, Peter; Wunnicke, Odo; Cassignol, C.; Burghammer, Manfred; Riekel, C.; Stamm, Manfred

doi:10.1021/la026693+

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Mechanical deformation combined with mapping of the local nanostructural changes has already been demonstrated in other fields, e.g., for in situ bending of carbon fibers 102 or crack propagation in polymers. 103 Such techniques will be of great value to get deeper insight in the relationship between local structure and mechanical properties, for instance, concerning the fracture toughness of bone. 104 Furthermore, humidity control combined with in situ position resolved SAXS/WAXS may be used to further investigate such fascinating phenomena as the recently reported humidity induced actuation in plant tissues.…”

Section: Fb23 Oskar Paris: From Diffraction To Imaging Fb23mentioning

confidence: 99%

From diffraction to imaging: New avenues in studying hierarchical biological tissues with x-ray microbeams (Review)

Paris

2008

Biointerphases

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Load bearing biological materials such as bone or arthropod cuticle have optimized mechanical properties which are due to their hierarchical structure ranging from the atomic/molecular level up to macroscopic length scales. Structural investigations of such materials require new experimental techniques with position resolution ideally covering several length scales. Beside light and electron microscopy, synchrotron radiation based x-ray imaging techniques offer excellent possibilities in this respect, ranging from full field imaging with absorption or phase contrast to x-ray microbeam scanning techniques. A particularly useful approach for the study of biological tissues is the combination x-ray microbeam scanning with nanostructural information obtained from x-ray scattering [small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS)]. This combination allows constructing quantitative images of nanostructural parameters with micrometer scanning resolution, and hence, covers two length scales at once. The present article reviews recent scanning microbeam SAXS/WAXS work on bone and some other biological tissues with particular emphasis on the imaging capability of the method. The current status of instrumentation and experimental possibilities is also discussed, and a short outlook about actual and desirable future developments in the field is given.

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Section: Fb23 Oskar Paris: From Diffraction To Imaging Fb23mentioning

confidence: 99%

From diffraction to imaging: New avenues in studying hierarchical biological tissues with x-ray microbeams (Review)

Paris

2008

Biointerphases

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“…Due to this property, a constant power law exponent should be observed over at least one order of magnitude to assure a reasonable analysis of the fractal properties of a system [158]. Thirdly, power law exponents smaller than −4 have been attributed to structures with diffuse boundaries, in which the electron density at the interface varies continuously [144,145]. For all of these (theoretical) predictions, monodisperse systems of only one kind of particle, e.g.…”

Section: Summary and Closing Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…keratinocytes with a high keratin content in the cytoplasm, or on other prokaryotic cells, to investigate whether characteristic differences are obtained. Corresponding to the well-known Porod law [142,143], compact two-phase systems with a sharp interface exhibit a power law decay with −4 and further, power law exponents smaller than −4 have been attributed to structures with diffuse boundaries, in which the electron density varies continuously [144,145]. In our case, the power law exponents are for all samples still close to the classical Porod exponent of −4, but consistently deviate to smaller numbers in the high q r -region and to higher numbers in the low q r -region.…”

Section: Summary and Closing Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scanning X-ray nano-diffraction on eukaryotic cells

Weinhausen¹

2014

Göttingen Series in X-Ray Physics

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“…Microbeam X-ray scattering is a powerful and unique tool for addressing issue because it can directly probe local structural deformation. [90][91][92][93][94][95] Furthermore, if one can perform in situ microbeam X-ray scattering measurement at a fixed position during deformation, further information on structural changes 90,92 will be obtained. However, it Application of Microbeam X-ray Scattering to Polymeric Material should be noted that well-designed sample accessories that apply a specific external force to a sample and monitor an exact X-ray beam position on the sample without interfering with the X-ray beam are necessary for in situ measurement.…”

Section: Structural Change Due To Deformationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Microbeam Small- and Wide-angle X-ray Scattering to Polymeric Material Characterization

Nozue

Shinohara

Amemiya

2007

Polym J

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ABSTRACT:With the recent development of an X-ray source, focusing optics, and X-ray detectors, microbeam Xray scattering techniques have been well established and widely applied to the characterization of polymeric materials. Microbeam X-ray scattering is a unique and powerful tool that provides abundant information on local structures, such as the spatial inhomogeneity of materials and the structural change at a local position. Furthermore, by combining microbeam small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), the observable spatial scale range is from several to several hundred Å , which is the most important scale range in the hierarchical structure analyses of polymers. In this review, the representative applications of microbeam X-ray scattering to polymer crystallization, spatial inhomogeneity analyses, stress transfer under external field and the microphase separated structure analyses in block copolymer systems are introduced. [doi:10.1295/polymj.PJ2007077] KEY WORDS Microbeam Small-and Wide-angle X-ray Scattering / Polymer Characterization / X-Ray scattering techniques are widely applied to the observation of various polymer structures. X-Ray scattering is mainly classified into small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), depending on the scattering angle. As is easily understood by using the Bragg formula ( ¼ 2d sin ), when the scattering angle 2 decreases, scattering reflects a large structure. SAXS, which is X-ray scattering at small angle (< 2, 3) region, provides information on nanostructures in a size range of several to several ten nanometers. In the field of polymeric materials, SAXS is typically applied to obtaining information on crystalline lamella stacking structures, 1,2 various microphase separated structures in block copolymer systems, 3,4 and organic-inorganic composite structures. 5,6 On the other hand, WAXS is typically applied to obtaining information on sub-nanometerscale structures, such as crystal packing and amorphous structures.To determine the structural characteristics of polymeric materials in detail, it is also very important to understand the formation and/or deformation mechanisms of such materials. Although X-ray scattering experiments were limited to the static measurements in laboratory X-ray sources until early 1980s, the advent of a synchrotron X-ray source and the development of X-ray detectors 7-13 have enabled us to observe a one-or two-dimensional scattering pattern within a second, making it possible to perform timeresolved X-ray scattering measurements for various structural changes, such as crystallization, 14-17 structural changes due to deformation [18][19][20][21][22][23] and phase transition due to temperature change. [24][25][26] While many polymeric materials exhibit spatial inhomogeneity on a micrometer scale, conventional X-ray scattering techniques provide the information that is spatially averaged over more than hundreds micrometer of the sample area irradiated by X-ray beam. Structural inmhom...

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Scanning Microfocus Small-Angle X-ray Scattering: A New Tool To Investigate Defects at Polymer−Polymer Interfaces

Cited by 20 publications

References 22 publications

From diffraction to imaging: New avenues in studying hierarchical biological tissues with x-ray microbeams (Review)

From diffraction to imaging: New avenues in studying hierarchical biological tissues with x-ray microbeams (Review)

Scanning X-ray nano-diffraction on eukaryotic cells

Application of Microbeam Small- and Wide-angle X-ray Scattering to Polymeric Material Characterization

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