Scanning electron microscopic observation during crystallization of Na-X and related zeolites compared with X-ray diffraction crystallinity

Structural and morphological transformation of NaX zeolite crystals at high temperature

“…3,4 For this reason, some scientists mentioned that it is impossible to grow synthetic zeolite single crystals to an appropriate size to analyze their structure. 5,6 In recent years, in order to improve existing catalytic and adsorbent processes, scientists need a better understanding of the structure of zeolites. Additionally, nearly perfect crystalline zeolite structures could be used as proton exchangeable membranes for fuel cells, which could * Corresponding author.…”

Following the Crystallization of Microporous Solids Using EDXRD Techniques

“…The investigation of the kinetics of nucleation, crystal growth, phase transformation, and dissolution in metastable crystalline systems has long constituted an important area of study within the field of solid-state chemistry. In particular, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms of nucleation and crystal growth of microporous systems has been a major goal of zeolite chemists for many years. , A better understanding of these processes would allow us to improve our ability to design these industrially important catalytic materials and also to optimize structure-dependent properties such as shape selectivity. ,, A variety of techniques of varying sophistication, for example ex situ X-ray diffraction, , NMR, electron microscopy, light scattering, − and small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS, respectively), − have been employed to obtain a better understanding of this complex problem. Of these techniques, X-ray diffraction provides a unique opportunity to probe the crystal structure directly and is well suited to in situ studies under operating conditions. − …”

Multi-Technique Application for Waste Material Detection and Soil Remediation Strategies: The Red Mud Dust and Fly Ash Case Studies

“…This mineral can be synthesized from different source materials and fly ash is one of the most used (Berkgaut & Singer, 1996;Querol et al, 2002;Shih & Chang, 1996;Shigemoto et al, 1993). Numerous methods have been suggested for the zeolite synthesis including hydrothermal reaction (Holler & Wirsching, 1985;Murayama et al, 2002;Querol et al, 1995;1997a;Shih and Chang, 1996;Tanaka et al, 2003), hydrothermal reaction with a fusion pre-treatment (Berkgaut & Singer, 1996;Chang & Shih, 1998;Rayalu et al, 2000;Shigemoto et al, 1993Shigemoto et al, , 1994, molten-salt methods (Park et al, 2000a;2000b), methods employing microwaves (Inada et al, 2005;Katsuki et al, 2001;Querol et al, 1997b;Slangen et al, 1997) and ultrasonic treatments (Belviso et al, 2011;Lie et al 1995;Park et al, 2001;Wang et al, 2008). Distilled water is used in most of the experiments conducted with these different methods, whereas the synthesis of zeolite with seawater is described in very few articles (e.g.…”