Scandium, Yttrium & The Lanthanides: Organometallic ChemistryBased in part on the article Scandium, Yttrium & The Lanthanides: Organometallic Chemistry by R. D. Köhn, G. Kociok‐Köhn, & H. Schumann which appeared in theEncyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition.

Abstract

The group 3 metals scandium and yttrium and the 4f elements lanthanum to lutetium build up a big variety of organometallic compounds, in general with the metal in the oxidation state +3. Most of them are sandwich complexes Cp 3 Ln, Cp 2 LnX, and CpLnX 2 containing unsubstituted or substituted cyclopentadienyl ligands. In addition, cyclopentadienyl‐free organo rare earth compounds, like alkyl or aryl derivatives, alkenyl, allyl, alkynyl, hydrido, and carbene complexes, and organolanthanide compounds with indenyl, fluorenyl, cyclooctatetraenyl, or with heterocyclic ligands are described. Samarium, europium, and ytterbium form reasonable stable organic compounds in the oxidation state +2, whereas only a few rare earth organometallics with the metal in the oxidation state 0, +1, and +4 are known. All organo rare earth complexes are extremely sensitive to oxygen and water. The development of various synthetic methods as well as intensive single‐crystal X‐ray structure investigations made these highly reactive organometallic compounds available for use as organic synthons, efficient catalysts for polymerization, hydrogenation, hydroamination, and hydrosilylation as well as precursors for Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) and other material science applications.

Industrial Zeolite Molecular Sieves

“…In case of the binder-containing compact zeolite bodies, the following and final manufacturing step is the thermal treatment for drying and activation, where the organic compounds are burned out as well as the all water and other adsorbed compounds present in the system is removed and the binder is set. In case of binderless compact zeolite bodies, a first thermal treatment is needed for removing the organic shaping aids and converting kaolin into metakaolin [35,91]. The generated metakaolin is converted into zeolite during a following wet chemical reaction.…”