Scandium: Ore deposits, the pivotal role of magmatic enrichment and future exploration

Wang, Zhenchao; Li, Martin Yan Hei; Liu, Ze-Rui Ray; Zhou, Mei‐Fu

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103906

Cited by 39 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…and as a catalyst to the increasing demand for Sc in many emerging strategic industries; therefore, it is listed as a critical metal by China [1] and the EU [2]. Based on the enrichment processes, the primary Sc deposits can be divided into magmatic ore deposits, hydrothermal ore deposits, and supergene ore deposits [3]. The grade of Sc in these primary deposits is in the range of 0.005-0.04 wt.% [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the enrichment processes, the primary Sc deposits can be divided into magmatic ore deposits, hydrothermal ore deposits, and supergene ore deposits [3]. The grade of Sc in these primary deposits is in the range of 0.005-0.04 wt.% [3]. Only 12 terrestrial minerals are known to contain Sc as an essential component, and thortveitite [Sc 2 Si 2 O 7 ] is the most important among these minerals [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Significant proportions of Sc can be hosted in ferromagnesian silicate minerals (including clinopyroxene and garnet) and in a number of high-field-strength-element (HFSE) minerals such as wolframite baddeleyite, rutile, etc. [3,4,[6][7][8]. At the beginning of the 20th century, Sc was mined from the thortveitite-bearing pegmatite in Evje-Iveland, Norway [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iron Isotope Constraints on the Mineralization Process of Shazi Sc-Rich Laterite Deposit in Qinglong County, China

Sun

Liu

2021

Minerals

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The Shazi deposit is a newly discovered, potential large-scale scandium deposit located in Qinglong, southwestern Guizhou Province, China. The iron isotopic composition of magnetite in fresh basalt, weathered basalt, and mineralized laterite was investigated. The Fe content of fresh basalt and of weathered basalt vary from 15.41 wt.% to 15.51 wt.% and from 14.60 wt.% to 15.12 wt.%, respectively, while the δ56Fe of magnetite varies from 0.23‰ to 0.29‰ and from 0.02‰ to 0.07‰. Laterite has the highest Fe content, in the range of 23.53%~28.95%, but δ56Fe is similar to weathered basalt, and the range of variation is −0.09‰–0.03‰. The change in iron isotope composition in weathered basalt and laterite is related to the hydrolysis of clinopyroxene. Combined with the existing research results, the genesis of scandium deposit is considered to be related to in situ hydrolysis in deep and surface weathering leaching of Emeishan basalt.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iron Isotope Constraints on the Mineralization Process of Shazi Sc-Rich Laterite Deposit in Qinglong County, China

Sun

Liu

2021

Minerals

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“…At Bayan Obo, scandium is recovered from the tailings of other REE and iron production [3]. According to Wang et al (2020) [10], magmatic rocks with average Sc concentrations > 60 ppm can be regarded as Sc deposits. Table 1 includes the Kiviniemi ferrodiorite-hosted Sc deposit discovered recently in eastern Finland [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Preconcentration and Process Mineralogical Study of the Kiviniemi Sc-Enriched Ferrodiorite

2021

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Scandium is classified as a critical raw material by the European Union. Its beneficiation from various primary and secondary sources is currently being studied under several research and development projects. Due to the geochemical characteristics of Sc, its enrichment to ore grades by geological processes is scarce. Potential new sources are investigated to respond to the expected increasing demand for this rare earth metal. The recently discovered Kiviniemi Sc deposit in Finland represents an igneous occurrence with estimated total resources of 13.4 Mt and an average Sc grade of 163 g/t. The deposit consists of relatively homogeneous ferrodioritic intrusive body with its main unit with ~2.5 ha surface extension. Scandium is mainly incorporated into the lattice of clinopyroxene and amphibole within the main unit. Composite samples from three drill cores from various parts of the main unit were concentrated with a combination of low-intensity and high-gradient magnetic separation. Depending on the feed characteristics, high-gradient magnetic separation reached recoveries between 87% and 92% with 230–310 ppm Sc while removing 35–49 mass percent of gangue minerals, mainly plagioclase and potassium feldspar. Our study provides information on the magnetic preconcentration conditions with process mineralogical details and produced concentrates for further testing according to the suggested processing scheme.

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“…Among those, scandium is the most valuable (Table 3). Its application in modern advanced technologies are found in light-weight aluminium alloys, where scandium is used as doping agent to strengthen and lighten the alloys for the automobile and aerospace industries, electronic devices, lasers for military and medical purposes, lighting [3], as a key component of certain solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) improving the conductivity and lower the operation temperature, and used as a tracer in cruel oil refinery [4,55].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extração de escândio a partir de reservas não exploradas utilizando rota hidrometalúrgica com foco no desenvolvimento sustentável.

Botelho¹

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for the scholarship provided; I would like to express my special thanks to my supervisor, Prof. Jorge Tenório, and co-supervisor, Prof. Denise Espinosa, for their kind guidance and support throughout the PhD's program. All of their words lead me to learn a lot about how to be a professor, a researcher, a professional, and human;To my first children in academia, Iara Anes, José Helber Vinco, Lívia Martins and Lucas Guimarães for all learning and for letting me be a part of your careers;To my children of LAREX-Tupy project,

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Scandium: Ore deposits, the pivotal role of magmatic enrichment and future exploration

Cited by 39 publications

References 91 publications

Iron Isotope Constraints on the Mineralization Process of Shazi Sc-Rich Laterite Deposit in Qinglong County, China

Iron Isotope Constraints on the Mineralization Process of Shazi Sc-Rich Laterite Deposit in Qinglong County, China

Magnetic Preconcentration and Process Mineralogical Study of the Kiviniemi Sc-Enriched Ferrodiorite

Extração de escândio a partir de reservas não exploradas utilizando rota hidrometalúrgica com foco no desenvolvimento sustentável.

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