Scan-Less Line Field Optical Coherence Tomography, with Automatic Image Segmentation, as a Measurement Tool for Automotive Coatings

Lawman, Samuel; Williams, Bryan; Zhang, Jinke; Shen, Yaochun; Zheng, Yalin

doi:10.3390/app7040351

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…1(a) shows a schematic diagram of the LF-OCT system and pulse generation circuit module used in the study. The optical configuration of LF-OCT is similar to our previous work [31,32], but a low-cost infrared superluminescent diode (SLED) of 50 nm spectral bandwidth centred at 840 nm was used. Linefield illumination is achieved by a cylindrical lens.…”

Section: A System and Experiments Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Electrical–Thermal–Mechanical Deformation of Bonding Wires Under Silicone Gel Using LF-OCT

Zhao

Zhang

Lawman

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Power Electron.

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Bonding wires are one of the most failure-prone components of power electronics modules (PEMs), and silicone gel is usually employed to encase bonding wires. To study the deformation of silicone gel-encased bonding wires, in this paper we report the use of line-field optical coherence tomography (LF-OCT) technique to precisely measure the electrical-thermal-mechanical (ETM) deformation of bonding wires. A LF-OCT system was developed to capture the whole cross-sectional image (B-scan) of the bonding wire sample in a single shot fashion due to its advantageous parallel detection scheme. This, together with the Fourier phase self-referencing technique, allows the deformation of the bonding wires to be quantitatively measured down to the range of 0.1 nm. The maximum sampling rate (framerate) of the deformation measurement achieved was 400 Hz when setting camera imaging size to 1920×200 pixels, providing a temporal resolution of 2.5 ms for monitoring the ETM deformation dynamics of the bonding wire. We found that the ETM deformation of the gel-encased bonding wire was about three times smaller than that of the bare bonding wire. These results represent the first experimental demonstration that the LF-OCT could be a useful analytical tool for studying the time-dependent ETM deformation of bonding wires encased by silicone gel.

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Section: A System and Experiments Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Electrical–Thermal–Mechanical Deformation of Bonding Wires Under Silicone Gel Using LF-OCT

Zhao

Zhang

Lawman

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Power Electron.

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“…While online sensors are still scarce, the applicability of OCT for structural analysis for industrial purposes has been demonstrated in numerous cases. These include crystallization processes in polymers (Hierzenberger, 2014), liquid sorption in paper (Fabritius, 2007), thermal degradation of epoxy resin composites (Awaja et al, 2009), automotive coatings (Lawman et al, 2017a), nanocomposites (Schneider et al, 2016), polymer-fiber composites (Stifter et al, 2008), quality control of film coating (Koller et al, 2011;Nemeth et al, 2012;Markl et al, 2014a;Markl et al, 2015a;Markl et al, 2015b), and LCD-display production (Shirazi et al, 2016;Wijesinghe et al, 2017). An important functional extension of OCT, namely polarization-sensitive OCT (Boer et al, 2017), has been used, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Industry-Related Flows by Optical Coherence Tomography—A Review

Koponen

Haavisto²

2020

KONA

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Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a light-based imaging method capable of simultaneously capturing the internal structure and motion (1D, 2D or 3D) of various opaque and turbid materials with a micron-level spatial resolution. Depending on the OCT technology, axial scanning rates can vary in a range of tens to hundreds of kHz. The actual imaging depth significantly depends on the optical properties of the material and can vary from micrometers to a few millimeters. From the viewpoint of industrial applications, OCT technology is very appealing. Due to its resolution, speed, and ability to deal with opaque materials, it fills an apparent gap in available measurement methods. Nonetheless, OCT has not to date seen widespread growth in the industrial field. This has been at least partly due to a lack of commercial devices compact and flexible enough to adapt to industrial needs. The recent emergence of more generic commercial OCT devices has considerably lowered the threshold for adapting the technique. The utilization of OCT for structural analysis, also outside the medical field, has been thoroughly discussed in scientific literature. Therefore, in this paper, we will mainly concentrate on applications of OCT that also utilize its capability of performing velocity measurements. The emphasis will be on industrially motivated problems such as rheology, microfluidics, fouling and turbulence.

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“…Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a high-resolution tomographic imaging technique that has multiple applications in the coating field [12,13], including measurement of flake statistics [14], dryness and surface texture [12], on top of layer thicknesses [15]. The technique is analogous to ultrasound, but instead measures the time delay of light reflections and scattering from within the sample, reletaive to to an engineered reference path (by coherence interferometry).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quasi-tomography by free space line field spectral domain optical coherence reflectometry

Lawman

Williams

Zheng

et al. 2020

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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This paper reports the development of a new technique, free space line field spectral domain optical coherence reflectometry (LF-SD-OCR), which is able to produce tomographic like (quasi) images. Furthermore, the capabilities and cost benefits of the technique are demonstrated by constructing a handheld LF-SD-OCR device. For glossy paint systems and other suitable samples, the line field format produces quasi-tomographic (cross-sectional) imaging through the layers, with axial and lateral image resolutions of 1.3 µm and 40 µm respectively. From these, the clear coat thicknesses on the bonnet of cars were measured by graph search segmentation and maximum A-scan projection. In comparison with the widely used single point ultrasound and optical devices, our technique gives the user more confident interpretation of the results as it produces a cross-sectional image of the sample in a single-shot fashion without the need of any mechnical scanning. In addition, the produced device has higher resolution and lower cost (£1660 cost of the constructed one-off prototype as compared with over £10K for comparable universally capable ultrasonic devices), making the technique an economically viable alternative to ultrasound in the quality assurance of coating systems and other application areas such as plastic film manufacturing control.

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Scan-Less Line Field Optical Coherence Tomography, with Automatic Image Segmentation, as a Measurement Tool for Automotive Coatings

Cited by 14 publications

References 43 publications

Characterization of Electrical–Thermal–Mechanical Deformation of Bonding Wires Under Silicone Gel Using LF-OCT

Characterization of Electrical–Thermal–Mechanical Deformation of Bonding Wires Under Silicone Gel Using LF-OCT

Analysis of Industry-Related Flows by Optical Coherence Tomography—A Review

Quasi-tomography by free space line field spectral domain optical coherence reflectometry

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