Scalp Lesions in a Pediatric Patient with Hyper IgM Syndrome: Clinical and Histologic Mimicry of Cryptococcus neoformans Infection

Acker, Karen P.; Fetch, Audrey; Schnell, Stephanie A.; Hammond, Jennifer; Herrera, Christina L.; Niedt, George W.; Ratner, Adam J.; Lauren, Christine T.

doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.08.065

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…The balance of immunoglobulins, IgM, IgG, and IgA are involved in cryptococcal immune response. X-linked hyper-IgM immunodeficiency syndrome is caused by mutations that occur in the CD40 ligand gene which results in decreased levels of IgG and IgA and elevated IgM has been shown to increase susceptibility to infections including invasive and cutaneous cryptococcosis particularly observed in pediatric male patients [ 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 ]. In addition, in vitro assays using C. neoformans found that IgM but not IgG inhibited Titan cell formation, reduced capsule thickness, and decreased the expression of chitin synthetase genes ( CHS1 , CHS2 , CHS8 , α-1–3-glucan synthetase ( AGS1 ), and β-1,3-glucan synthetase ( FKS1 ) [ 156 ].…”

Section: Associations Between Human Attributes and Cryptococcosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between Cryptococcus Genotypes, Phenotypes, and Clinical Parameters of Human Disease: A Review

Montoya

Magwene

Perfect

2021

JoF

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The genus Cryptococcus contains two primary species complexes that are significant opportunistic human fungal pathogens: C. neoformans and C. gattii. In humans, cryptococcosis can manifest in many ways, but most often results in either pulmonary or central nervous system disease. Patients with cryptococcosis can display a variety of symptoms on a spectrum of severity because of the interaction between yeast and host. The bulk of our knowledge regarding Cryptococcus and the mechanisms of disease stem from in vitro experiments and in vivo animal models that make a fair attempt, but do not recapitulate the conditions inside the human host. To better understand the dynamics of initiation and progression in cryptococcal disease, it is important to study the genetic and phenotypic differences in the context of human infection to identify the human and fungal risk factors that contribute to pathogenesis and poor clinical outcomes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the different clinical presentations and health outcomes that are associated with pathogenicity and virulence of cryptococcal strains with respect to specific genotypes and phenotypes.

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