Scalp distributions of event-related potentials: An ambiguity associated with analysis of variance models

McCarthy, Gregory; Wood, Charles Cresson

doi:10.1016/0168-5597(85)90015-2

Cited by 1,686 publications

(515 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Analyses of scalp distribution focused on evaluating antero-posterior differences across subject groups by determining whether there were electrode site (x 7) by group (e.g., x 3) interactions at midline, inner lateral and outer lateral locations. In looking at interactions between scalp electrode site and other variables (e.g., age group), the data were first normalized using a z score technique (Kounios and Holcomb, 1994) similar to the method recommended by McCarthy and Wood (1985) to avoid problems associated with interpreting site by factor interactions using ANOVA. Analyses that yielded significant interactions between subject group, stimulus type, or electrode site resulted in planned contrasts between the levels of the variable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compensatory neural activity distinguishes different patterns of normal cognitive aging

et al. 2008

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Most cognitive neuroscientific research exploring the nature of age-associated compensatory mechanisms has compared old adults (high vs. average performers) to young adults (not split by performance), leaving ambiguous whether findings are truly age-related or reflect differences between high and average performers throughout the lifespan. Here, we examined differences in neural activity (as measured by ERPs) that were generated by high vs. average performing old, middle-age, and young adults while processing novel and target events to investigate the following three questions: 1) Are differences between cognitively high and average performing subjects in the allocation of processing resources (as indexed by P3 amplitude) specific to old subjects, or found throughout the adult lifespan? 2) Are differences between cognitively high and average performing subjects in speed of processing (as indexed by target P3 latency) of similar magnitude throughout the adult lifespan? 3) Where along the information processing stream does the compensatory neural activity attributed to cognitively high performing old subjects begin to take place? Our results suggest that high performing old adults successfully manage the task by a compensatory neural mechanism associated with the modulation of controlled processing and the allocation of more resources, whereas high performing younger subjects execute the task more efficiently with fewer resources. Differences between cognitively high and average performers in processing speed increase with age. Middle-age seems to be a critical stage in which substantial differences in neural activity between high and average performers emerge. These findings provide strong evidence for different patterns of agerelated changes in the processing of salient environmental stimuli, with cognitive status serving as a key mediating variable.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compensatory neural activity distinguishes different patterns of normal cognitive aging

et al. 2008

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“…For topographic analyses, the factors of hemisphere (left, midline, right) and anteriorposterior position (frontal, central, parietal) were used. To adjust for overall group differences in amplitude, normalized values were used in topographic analyses (McCarthy and Wood, 1985). Analyses that included the non-motor condition incorporated the factor of response condition (motor, non-motor).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related differences in auditory event-related potentials during a cued attention task

Bennett¹,

Golob²,

Starr³

2004

Clinical Neurophysiology

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Objective: To determine if aging is associated with differences in attentional regulation using behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) measures.Methods: Younger (n ¼ 13; M ¼ 20 years) and older (n ¼ 12; M ¼ 76 years) subjects performed an auditory cued attention task. Verbal cues correctly (valid) or incorrectly (invalid) predicted the ear receiving a target tone 1.5 s later, or were uninformative (neutral). Targets were either 'high' (2000 Hz) or 'low' (1000 Hz) pitch monaural tones. Subjects pressed one of 4 buttons to indicate target ear and pitch. ERPs following cues and targets (P50, N100, P200, slow waves), and negative slow potentials (CNV) between cues and targets were assessed.Results: Cue information had significant effects on reaction time for both groups (valid , neutral , invalid). Target N100 amplitude was significantly affected by cueing in younger (invalid . valid) but not older subjects. Target slow waves were also affected by cue information (invalid . valid), and the difference was larger and lasted longer in older subjects. Slow waves following cues were significantly larger in older subjects, but the subsequent CNV amplitudes were comparable among groups.Conclusions: When performing a cued attention task, age differences are present in transient ERPs following cues and targets. Significance: Age differences in ERPs associated with attentional regulation support the hypothesis that attentional changes contribute to cognitive aging.

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“…Mean amplitude measures were normalized according to the procedure described in McCarthy and Wood (1985) and then subjected to an ANOVA on four repeated measures: two levels of ending type, two levels of hemisphere (left vs. right), two levels of laterality (lateral vs. medial), and four levels of anterior/posterior (prefrontal vs. frontal vs. parietal vs. occipital). This and subsequent distributional analyses thus used 16 electrode sites, divided into left lateral sites (from front to back: LLPf, LLFr, LLTe, LLOc), left medial sites (LMPf, LMFr, LMCe, LMOc), right medial sites (RMPf, RMFr, RMCe, RMOc), and right lateral sites (RLPf, RLFr, RLTc, RLOc).…”

Section: High-constraint Contexts Low-constraint Contextsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meaning and modality: Influences of context, semantic memory organization, and perceptual predictability on picture processing.

Federmeier

Kutas

2001

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

169

146

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Words (visual or auditory) and pictures are both physical objects that, through experience, have come to be associated with information not explicitly contained in the physical form of the word or picture itself. In this sense, both pictures and words can be thought of as symbols, or objects that "stand for" information that they do not directly represent. Of course, not all words have clear pictorial counterparts (e.g., function words), and in many cases it would take multiple words to convey the information in a single picture. However, pictures and words can often be used in similar ways and can lead to similar kinds of behavior. In a psychological experiment or in everyday life, for example, seeing either the written word "cat" or a picture of a cat can lead an individual to say /kat/ or to be reminded that cats meow, hate water, chase mice, and so on.A long-standing question in psychology asks how that subset of knowledge that can be conveyed by either a word or a picture is stored and processed. Two general classes of models have been put forward. Multiple semantic system models hypothesize that pictures and words are processed in distinct, specialized semantic systems (e.g., Paivio, 1971Paivio, , 1986Paivio, , 1991Shallice, 1988). In Paivio's "dual-code" model, for example, there is a "logogen" system for word processing and an "imagen" system for picture processing. These systems can communicate with one another but operate independently and have their own organization and pro-

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Scalp distributions of event-related potentials: An ambiguity associated with analysis of variance models

Cited by 1,686 publications

References 6 publications

Compensatory neural activity distinguishes different patterns of normal cognitive aging

Compensatory neural activity distinguishes different patterns of normal cognitive aging

Age-related differences in auditory event-related potentials during a cued attention task

Meaning and modality: Influences of context, semantic memory organization, and perceptual predictability on picture processing.

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