Scaling Relations for Implantation of Size-Selected Au, Ag, and Si Clusters into Graphite

Pratontep, Sirapat; Preece, P.; Xirouchaki, C.; Palmer, Richard E.; Sanz-Navarro, Carlos F.; Kenny, Steven D.; Smith, Roger

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.90.055503

Cited by 72 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…In this study, we use Au as the target material and graphite as the substrate [26]. The kinetic energy of the clusters is chosen to be 500 eV, to prevent fragmentation of the clusters upon landing [27,28]. …”

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confidence: 99%

Weighing Supported Nanoparticles: Size-Selected Clusters as Mass Standards in Nanometrology

Young

Chen

et al. 2008

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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We present a new approach to quantify the mass and 3D shape of nanoparticles on supports, using sizeselected nanoclusters as mass standards in scanning transmission electron microscope. Through quantitative image intensity analysis, we show that the integrated high angle annular dark field intensities of size-selected gold clusters soft-landed on graphite display a monotonic dependence on the cluster size as far as $6500 atoms. We applied this mass standard to study gold nanoparticles prepared by thermal vapor deposition and by colloidal wet chemistry, and from which we deduced the shapes of these two types of nanoparticles as expected. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.246103 PACS numbers: 81.07.Àb, 61.46.Bc, 61.46.Df, 68.37.Ma Since the properties of nanoclusters and nanoparticles depend critically on their size [1,2], the measurement of their mass is crucial. For example, knowledge of the mass, i.e., the number of atoms in the clusters, when coupled with the measured projected area of the nanoparticles, would enable us to deduce the 3D shape of the nanoparticles. This is of particular importance in areas such as environmental health [3] and catalysis [4,5], because it regulates the effective surface area of the (typically supported) particles. However, atom counting is a challenging task for nanoparticles on surfaces, in terms of accuracy, efficiency, and mass range. Here we show that soft-landed size-selected atomic clusters can be used as mass standards which enable surface mass spectrometry by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). For Au clusters on carbon surfaces, we find that the measured relationship between mass and the high angle annular dark field (HAADF) intensity in STEM displays a monotonic dependence on cluster size as far as $6; 500 atoms. This extends the applicable mass range for STEM-based mass spectrometry by about 3 orders of magnitude [6,7]. The method is demonstrated by the 3D shape determination of colloidal, evaporated and size-selected Au nanoparticles.There are a number of ways that the masses of nanoparticles on surfaces can be measured. Cantilever-based techniques have recently been demonstrated for mass detection at the zeptogram level (10 À21 g) [8,9]. Electronmicroscopy-based techniques have a long history [6,7,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. In Zeitler and Bahr's early work of 1962, the mass of nanoparticles has been determined down to 10 À18 g using STEM with an accuracy of 10% [17]. The advantage of this approach is that the mass information obtained can be directly correlated to the structure and properties of the particle studied. The concept of atomic-level mass determination by STEM, as developed by Howie, is a quantitative application of the HAADF-STEM imaging method [18,19]. This requires an accurate knowledge of the electron scattering cross section ( ) as a function of the number of atoms (N) and the number of electrons in the focused electron beam. Ab initio calculation of high angle electron scattering cross section of nanoparticles is a challenging...

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Weighing Supported Nanoparticles: Size-Selected Clusters as Mass Standards in Nanometrology

Young

Chen

et al. 2008

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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“…7,8 So far this technique has been successfully used to investigate the properties of individual deposited clusters. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] In these studies, coalescence is circumvented by dramatically lowering the coverage and/or immobilizing clusters on the surface. Attempts to synthesize cluster thin films by increasing the coverage have failed since deposited clusters merged into larger particles.…”

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Growth modes of thin films of ligand-free metal clusters

Dollinger

Strobel

Bleuel

et al. 2015

Journal of Applied Physics

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Size-selected Mon−, Wn−, and Fen− cluster anions are deposited on a weakly interacting substrate (highly oriented pyrolytic graphite) and studied ex-situ using atomic force microscopy. Depending on size, three growth modes can be distinguished. Very small clusters consisting of less than 10–30 atoms behave similar to atoms and coalesce into 3-dimensional bulk-like islands. Medium sized clusters consisting of hundreds of atoms do not coalesce and follow a Stanski-Krastanov growth pattern. At low coverage, an almost perfect monolayer is formed. This is a new finding different from all previous studies on deposited metal clusters. For clusters with several thousands of atoms, the growth pattern again changes. At low coverage, the substrate is dotted with individual clusters, while at high coverage, the surface becomes extremely rough.

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“…nteractions of ions with surfaces play an important role in fundamental research relevant to disciplines such as materials science, microelectronics, and nanotechnologies, and in characterization and imaging methods based on mass spectrometry, electron spectroscopy, and laser spectroscopy [1,2]. Controlled tailoring of chemical and physical properties by hyperthermal ion/surface collisions is integral to the preparation of specifically modified surfaces for biological research [3], the development of new heterogeneous catalysts [4], and fundamental understanding of the nature of ion/surface collisions [5].…”

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In situ SIMS analysis and reactions of surfaces prepared by soft landing of mass-selected cations and anions using an ion trap mass spectrometer

Nie

Goodwin

et al. 2009

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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Mass-selected polyatomic cations and anions, produced by electrosonic spray ionization (ESSI), were deposited onto polycrystalline Au or fluorinated self-assembled monolayer (FSAM) surfaces by soft landing (SL), using a rectilinear ion trap (RIT) mass spectrometer. Protonated and deprotonated molecules, as well as intact cations and anions generated from such molecules as peptides, inorganic catalysts, and fluorescent dyes, were soft-landed onto the surfaces. Analysis of the modified surfaces was performed in situ by Cs ϩ secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) using the same RIT mass analyzer to characterize the sputtered ions as that used to mass select the primary ions for SL. Soft-landing times as short as 30 s provided surfaces that yielded good quality SIMS spectra. Chemical reactions of the surfaces modified by SL were generated in an attached reaction chamber into which the surface was transferred under vacuum. For example, a surface on which protonated triethanolamine had been soft landed was silylated using vapor-phase chlorotrimethylsilane before being returned still under vacuum to the preparation chamber where SIMS analysis revealed the silyloxy functionalization. SL and vapor-phase reactions are complementary methods of surface modification and in situ surface analysis by SIMS is a simple way to characterize the products produced by either technique. (J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2009, 20, 949 -956)

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Scaling Relations for Implantation of Size-Selected Au, Ag, and Si Clusters into Graphite

Cited by 72 publications

References 39 publications

Weighing Supported Nanoparticles: Size-Selected Clusters as Mass Standards in Nanometrology

Weighing Supported Nanoparticles: Size-Selected Clusters as Mass Standards in Nanometrology

Growth modes of thin films of ligand-free metal clusters

In situ SIMS analysis and reactions of surfaces prepared by soft landing of mass-selected cations and anions using an ion trap mass spectrometer

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