“…If we carefully visit the regions of coherent structures, it can be found that none of these assumptions is satisfied: i) the Reynolds number may be not high (usually Re λ < 1000), which does not lead to obvious inertial range [27]; ii) the flow is usually inhomogeneous; iii) the local isotropy is not usually satisfied even in small scales; iv) the flow is in non-equilibrium. Existing studies have focused on and (partly) solved the first three problems [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34], however, there is still few attempts on the fourth problem, i.e., the non-equilibrium fact, in the domain of SGS modeling [35,7]. In this case, in the following we would like to introduce our previous attempt of considering the non-equilibrium in a simplest situation, i.e., the homogeneous isotropic turbulence (HIT).…”