Scaling Effects On Cervical Kinematics in Drinking Anatidae

Leeuw, Angélique H. J. Van Der

doi:10.1163/156854292x00026

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Neck length modification has been crucial in mammalian body size evolution. The developmentally fixed number of cervical vertebrae, however, limits evolutionary modifications in neck length in mammals when compared to birds or sauropods (Van Der Leeuw 1991;Galis 1999). Here, we revealed the patterns of cervical scaling, which nonetheless permits a great disparity of neck length in mammals.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…The developmentally fixed number of cervical vertebrae, however, limits evolutionary modifications in neck length in mammals when compared to birds or sauropods (Van Der Leeuw 1991;Galis 1999). The developmentally fixed number of cervical vertebrae, however, limits evolutionary modifications in neck length in mammals when compared to birds or sauropods (Van Der Leeuw 1991;Galis 1999).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ation in the number of neck vertebrae found across other extant and extinct tetrapod lineages (Müller et al 2010). For example, evolutionary variation in avian neck length occurs locally by the addition of cervical vertebrae (Van Der Leeuw 1991;Van Der Leeuw et al 2001). In birds, there seem to be no developmental constraints that fix their number (i.e., variation in vertebral number is rarely accompanied by malformation or cancer) (Fox 1912;Effron et al 1977;Adelman et al 1988; Barja et al 1994;Perez-Campo et al 1998;Galis 1999).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Differential scaling patterns of vertebrae and the evolution of neck length in mammals

2017

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Almost all mammals have seven vertebrae in their cervical spines. This consistency represents one of the most prominent examples of morphological stasis in vertebrae evolution. Hence, the requirements associated with evolutionary modifications of neck length have to be met with a fixed number of vertebrae. It has not been clear whether body size influences the overall length of the cervical spine and its inner organization (i.e., if the mammalian neck is subject to allometry). Here, we provide the first large-scale analysis of the scaling patterns of the cervical spine and its constituting cervical vertebrae. Our findings reveal that the opposite allometric scaling of C1 and C2-C7 accommodate the increase of neck bending moment with body size. The internal organization of the neck skeleton exhibits surprisingly uniformity in the vast majority of mammals. Deviations from this general pattern only occur under extreme loading regimes associated with particular functional and allometric demands. Our results indicate that the main source of variation in the mammalian neck stems from the disparity of overall cervical spine length. The mammalian neck reveals how evolutionary disparity manifests itself in a structure that is otherwise highly restricted by meristic constraints.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Differential scaling patterns of vertebrae and the evolution of neck length in mammals

2017

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“…If species show fundamental differences in neck movement patterning, the motor patterns can be compared for similar head trajectories as a first step to study evolutionary change in motor control. In this paper a number of studies (Van der Leeuw, 1992; unpublished data, A.V.D.L.) are reviewed to compare the characteristic neck movement and motor patterns between chicken and Anseriformes during goal directed head movements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of the Cranio-Cervical System During Feeding in Birds1

2001

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SYNOPSIS. The avian neck is a complex, kinematically redundant system, which plays a role during inter alia food prehension and manipulation. Kinematical analysis shows that chickens (Gallus domesticus) move their vertebrae according to a geometric principle that maximizes angular rotation efficiency. The movement pattern shows simultaneous rotations in some joints, while not in the others. Anseriformes show a pattern of successive, rather than simultaneous rotations in the rostral part of the neck. A kinematical model indicates that the geometric principle produces an anseriform-like pattern only if a constraint on the movement of the caudal vertebrae is introduced. The strength of this constraint, required for a realistic simulation, is related to the amount of stretch in the long dorsal neck muscles (M. biventer and M. longus colli dorsalis), which have a different configuration in Anseriformes compared to the chicken. To investigate whether the difference in movement pattern is a result of differences in anatomy only, or also of differences in neuromotor patterns, the EMG-patterns of the neck muscles of the mallard and chicken during drinking and pecking were studied. Considerable overlap in the activity of antagonists is found in mallards, but not in chickens. Muscles in the rostral part of the neck are activated successively in mallards, but simultaneously in chickens. We conclude that the difference in movement patterning between chickens and Anseriformes, results from both a difference in the control system of the neck, and a difference in the anatomy. The anseriform pattern is found in water as well as on land, which suggests that neck movement in both environments is controlled by the same neuromotor patterns. The modifications in motor control system and anatomy of the Anseriformes may have evolved as an adaptation to aquatic feeding, since the anseriform pattern is energetically more beneficial in an aquatic environment than on land.

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“…It can be expected that there are (groups of) rhythm generators for the legs (lumbal region) and the wings (thoracocervical region) that function independently. The well-coordinated pattern of neck movements (e. g., VAN DER LEEUW, 1992) suggests the presence of a series of interconnected CPGs in the cervical cord. The successive slips of neck muscles are innervated by serially arranged motor neurons in the ventral horn (e.g., HORSTER et al, 1990;Z1JLSTRA & DUBBELDAM, 1994;unpubl.…”

Section: Comparison Of Locomotor Patterns and The Neural Substratementioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Playlike Behaviour and the Uncoupling of Neural Locomotor Mechanisms

Dubbeldam

2001

Neth J Zool

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Locomotion is an important component of many types of behaviour including playlike behaviour. Play and play-like behaviour result from behavioral expansion and are characterized by a high flexibility and rich repertoire of activities. In this paper the phenomenon of uncoupling of neural locomotor mechanisms and its significance for the emergence of new behavioural patterns are discussed using data from the literature. It is argued that uncoupling of central pattern generators for locomotion may have been an important mechanism in evolution allowing the emergence of richer behavioural repertoires and thus of behavioural expansion.

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Scaling Effects On Cervical Kinematics in Drinking Anatidae

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Differential scaling patterns of vertebrae and the evolution of neck length in mammals

Differential scaling patterns of vertebrae and the evolution of neck length in mammals

Control of the Cranio-Cervical System During Feeding in Birds1

Evolution of Playlike Behaviour and the Uncoupling of Neural Locomotor Mechanisms

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