Scaling earthquake magnitude in real time with high-rate GNSS peak ground displacement from variometric approach

Zang, Jianfei; Xu, Caijun; Li, Xingxing

doi:10.1007/s10291-020-01013-x

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…EEW is currently being carried out on a global scale [9,21,33]. PGD and PGV from high-rate GNSS data provide a way to quickly estimate the earthquake magnitude [16,32], as shown during the Maduo earthquake in this study. Although this method does not require complex fault rupture models, there are some issues that need attention and resolution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PGD and PGV are critical parameters during EEW; they can provide rapid magnitude estimation before rupture end [30][31][32], thereby issuing reliable warning information to the public. During the Maduo earthquake, because the majority of high-rate GNSS stations were far from the epicenter and unevenly distributed, we discuss how the number of high-rate GNSS stations might influence the stability and convergence time of magnitude estimation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Earthquake Magnitude Estimation from High-Rate GNSS Data: A Case Study of the 2021 Mw 7.3 Maduo Earthquake

Gao

Shan

et al. 2021

Remote Sensing

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Peak ground displacement (PGD) and peak ground velocity (PGV) are critical parameters during earthquake early warning, as they can provide rapid magnitude estimation before rupture end. In this study, we used the high-rate Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data from 55 continuous stations to estimate the magnitude of the 2021 Maduo earthquake in western China. We used the relative positioning method and variometric approach to acquire real-time GNSS displacement and velocity waveforms, respectively. The results showed the amplitude of displacement and velocity waveforms gradually decreased with increasing hypocentral distance. Our results showed that the fluctuation of PGD magnitudes over time is smaller than that of PGV magnitudes. Nonetheless, the earthquake magnitudes estimated from both methods were consistent with their counterparts (Mw 7.3) reported by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The final magnitude estimated from the PGD and PGV methods were Mw 7.25 and Mw 7.31, respectively. In addition, our results highlighted how the number of high-rate GNSS stations could influence the stability and convergence time of magnitude estimation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Earthquake Magnitude Estimation from High-Rate GNSS Data: A Case Study of the 2021 Mw 7.3 Maduo Earthquake

Gao

Shan

et al. 2021

Remote Sensing

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“…Based on high-rate GNSS displacements, Crowell et al [22] built the empirical relationship between magnitude and peak ground displacement (PGD) and retrieved the unsaturated magnitude. The effectiveness of this empirical relationship has been verified in many earthquakes [23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Beyond that, some researchers studied methods of real-time centroid moment tensor inversion, static fault slip distribution inversion, and dynamic rupture process inversion with high-rate GNSS displacements [30][31][32][33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Real-Time Source Modeling of the 2022 Mw 6.6 Menyuan, China Earthquake with High-Rate GNSS Observations

Zang

Fan

et al. 2022

Remote Sensing

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On 7 January 2022, a Mw 6.6 earthquake struck Menyuan County in the Qinghai province of China and the earthquake caused severe damage to infrastructures. In this study, the performance of the high-rate global navigation satellite system (GNSS) on real-time source modeling of the 2022 Mw 6.6 Menyuan earthquake was validated. We conducted the warning magnitude calculation, centroid moment tensor (CMT) inversion, and static fault slip distribution inversion using displacements collected from 14 1-Hz GNSS stations. Our results indicate that the warning magnitude derived from the peak ground displacement (PGD) first exceeds Mw 6.0 approximately 9 s after the earthquake and tends to be stable after about 45 s. The derived finally stable magnitude is Mw 6.5, which is near the USGS magnitude of Mw 6.6. Based on the inverted CMT and static fault slip distribution results, it can be determined that the 2022 Menyuan earthquake is a left-lateral strike-slip event after about 20 s of the earthquake. Although the fault slips, inverted with the 30-s smoothed coseismic offsets, are unstable after about 40 s, all the inverted slip models after that time present the obvious surface rupture and the most fault motions are concentrated between the depth of 0 km and 8 km. Compared with the results inverted with the 30-s smoothed coseismic offsets, the CMT and fault slips inverted with the 70-s smoothed coseismic offsets are more stable. The results obtained in this study indicate that the high-rate GNSS has the potential to be used for real-time source modeling for earthquakes with a magnitude less than 7; the stability of the inverted CMT and fault slips can be improved by using the coseismic offsets averaged by a relatively long-time sliding window.

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“…Tesolin et al conducted a zero-displacement experiment to examine the contribution of Galileo observations at a 1 Hz sampling rate to the VA technique, and they stated that GPS + Galileo observations are better than single-system solutions [16]. Zang et al employed GPS, GLONASS, and BeiDou observations at a 1 Hz sampling rate to evaluate the ability of the VA method in earthquake magnitude estimation, and they reported that multi-GNSS observations provide more reliable displacement compared to a single system [17]. Finally, Bezcioglu et al conducted a series of shaking table experiments to investigate the performance of the VA technique based on single-frequency (SF) GPS and GPS + Galileo observations at a 20 Hz sampling rate in a possible SHM/EEW systems, and they concluded that the GPS + Galileo combination provides more accurate displacement compared to GPS-only solutions [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the single-frequency variometric approach based on low-cost GNSS observations and different satellite combinations for detecting short-term dynamic behaviors

Bahadur,

Bezcioglu,

Yigit

2024

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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This study presents the capability of the single-frequency (SF) variometric approach (VA) technique with low-cost GNSS observations to detect short-term dynamic behaviors. Harmonic oscillations with amplitudes between 5 and 20 mm and frequencies between 0.3 and 5.0 Hz were generated employing a single-axis shake table to investigate the performance of the SF-VA technique in the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system. Besides, a Mw 6.9 Kobe, 1995 earthquake simulation was generated using the shake table to analyze the SF-VA performance for the Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) system. A low-cost u-blox ZED-F9P GNSS receiver and ANN-MB-00 patch antenna were used to collect GNSS observations at a 20 Hz sampling rate during the experiments. The observations were processed using the MATLAB-based open-source PPPH-VA software in real-time mode, considering eight different satellite combinations. The capability of the SF-VA technique to detect horizontal dynamic behaviors in real-time mode was investigated in the frequency and time domains, accepting the displacements from the Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) sensor as a reference. The results in the frequency domain demonstrate that the SF-VA technique with low-cost GNSS observations can successfully detect the peak frequency value of short-term harmonic oscillations up to 5 Hz. Moreover, time domain findings emphasize that the short-time dynamic oscillations can be determined with the SF-VA technique with an accuracy ranging from 0.8 to 6.4 mm. Earthquake simulation experiment results demonstrate that the strong ground motions caused by mega earthquakes can be determined at mm-level by the SF-VA method. The results of both experiments show that multi-GNSS observations contribute to the SF-VA technique considerably. Overall, the findings reveal that the SHM and EEW systems can be operated with low-cost GNSS receivers, and the natural frequency of the man-made structures and accurate displacement values of seismic waveforms can be determined in real-time with the SF-VA technique.

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Scaling earthquake magnitude in real time with high-rate GNSS peak ground displacement from variometric approach

Cited by 13 publications

References 36 publications

Earthquake Magnitude Estimation from High-Rate GNSS Data: A Case Study of the 2021 Mw 7.3 Maduo Earthquake

Earthquake Magnitude Estimation from High-Rate GNSS Data: A Case Study of the 2021 Mw 7.3 Maduo Earthquake

Real-Time Source Modeling of the 2022 Mw 6.6 Menyuan, China Earthquake with High-Rate GNSS Observations

Evaluation of the single-frequency variometric approach based on low-cost GNSS observations and different satellite combinations for detecting short-term dynamic behaviors

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