Scale-up of microdroplet reactions by heated ultrasonic nebulization

Abstract

Heated ultrasonic nebulization is presented as a new way for scaling up chemical synthesis in microdroplets.

Accelerated microdroplet synthesis of benzimidazoles by nucleophilic addition to protonated carboxylic acids

“…Examples of reactions known to be accelerated in the microdroplet environment include Suzuki coupling, 33 Fisher indole synthesis, 10 Katritzky transamination, 34 Claisen-Schmidt condensation, 35 Eschenmoser coupling, 35 Dakin reaction, 36 Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, 36 N-alkylation of indoles, 37 Combes reaction, 12 Pomeranz-Fritsch synthesis, 12 and cycloaddition reactions. 38 These microdroplet accelerated reactions can be performed under ambient conditions using nESI 10 or, in larger volumes, using electrosonic spray ionization (ESSI).…”

Reaction of chloroauric acid with histidine in microdroplets yields a catalytic Au–(His)2complex

“…21,38,[40][41][42] Heated ultrasonic nebulization (HUN) has been used successfully for this purpose in our group. 43 We report here the use of ultrasonic nebulization to make a scaled-up preparation the catalytic Au-(His) 2 complex.…”

Identifying reactive intermediates by mass spectrometry

“…The concentration of the solution during the spray process accelerates all condensation reactions and it has been even tested as an alternative approach for bulk synthesis. [58][59][60] (2) Electrospray ionization generates ions in the eld of 3-5 kV. This can lead to formation of ions that are not present in solution.…”